The Vygotskian Socio Cultural Theory Education Essay Free Essays

Lev Vygotsky was a therapist that altered the universe with his hypothesis on socio-social turn of events. His hypothesis of socio-social improvement fixated on the feeling that a child learns through adults or equivalents. At the end of the day a child ‘s intellectual improvement is locked in through the child ‘s condition, this implies a child creates through collaboration with different people. We will compose a custom exposition test on The Vygotskian Socio Cultural Theory Education Essay or then again any comparable subject just for you Request Now Vygotsky ‘s hypothesis contrasted from different theoreticians speculations ; one of them was Piaget, a Swiss therapist. His hypothesis was that children gain from the inside out, this implies a child takes their ain insight to the universe ( as examined in class ) . Piaget ‘s hypothesis concentrated on two develops, one was the build of osmosis, which is a subjective strategy whereby new encounters and data are set in the intellectual development of the child. The other develop is change ; this is a subjective system which alludes to the resulting Reconstruction that takes topographic moment that new data is taken in. Vygotsky on the different manus accept that a child ‘s obtaining takes topographic point from the outside in, which just implies that a child ‘s condition figures out what s/he learns. In Vygotsky ‘s socio-social securing hypothesis one must acquaint oneself with the builds before we can get down to hang on the idea of hypothesis and use it right. The majority of import trademark to hang on is the zone of proximal turn of events. The zone of proximal advancement is characterized as the distinction between what a researcher can make without help and what the individual in question can make with help ( Wikipedia ; the zone of proximal improvement ) . In footings of one ‘s fear, the ZPD is the separation between the existent advancement level of a child as controlled by autonomous employment goals and the level of conceivable improvement of a child as decided through occupation work trip through equivalent or adult communication. The existent improvement of a child is the maps that have just developed and the researcher gets it. The conceivable level of advancement is the maps still in aging, the fear has non created. The ZPD permits researchers to interve ne through cultural connection. ( Maths technique: 1 ; Goba, B ) Vygotsky put stock in three of import features that structure his hypothesis, this is the cultural setting, semantic correspondence and intervention. These three features are of import as in ; the cultural setting is the setting wherein researchers are coming signifier. So they may come into the universe with a perception previously imparted in them, this comprehension may non needfully be correct. Some researcher ‘s cultural setting may execute a type of prejudice this may do the child racialist. At the end of the day kids gain their cognizance through cultural settings, from birth the child ‘s cultural association portrays the kind of perception s/he will pass on to society. Since nature is ever adjusting, cognizance is ever modifying. So cognizance is ne’er dormant. The accompanying feature is semantic correspondence being the frontal line for the balance of this hypothesis. In the event that a researcher can non comprehend semantic correspondence be it scientific, mark or the etymological correspondence medium, the researchers information can non turn and spread out as a result of a hindrance with does non permit the advancement of the researchers subjective development. Language is a way to pass on, and if semantic correspondence is non comprehended than the conveying nexus is broken. Furthermore, the last feature is the capacity of intercession. All together for solid conveying to take topographic point at that spot must be some signifier of intervention to support the imparting. This is the place the ZPD comes into dramatization. The researcher may non comprehend an impossible to miss develop by way of intercession, something or individual that guides the anxiety so the child goes from what they do n’t comprehend to what they can hang on. Orchestrating to Vygotsky, â€Å" Every guide in the child ‘s social improvement shows up twice: first, on the cultural degree, and in this manner, on the single degree ; chief, between individuals ( interpsychological ) thus inside the child ( intrapsychological ) . This applies each piece to deliberate joining in, to coherent memory, and to the development of builds. All the higher maps start as existent connections between people. â€Å" The socio social hypothesis is so characterized as a hypothesis of larning that takes a gander at the part society as made in a man ‘s improvement ( psycology.about.com ) . It does non simply focus on the researcher as a man yet as the researcher and social setting on an entirety. Vygotsky clarified this hypothesis in footings of etymological correspondence. He contended that cultural cooperation signifiers this new larning through the ZPD where researchers increase new etymological correspondence through cultural connection. It blueprints of an etymological correspondence as joining both the conventional conduct and lingual spot of phonetic correspondence. This hypothesis of semantic correspondence can recommend that the capacity of nature can deliver contrasts in comprehension. The socio-social hypothesis was embraced by Jerome Bruner and made westernized, presently it ‘s utilized everywhere throughout the universe. Case study: My name is Triona Pillay and I ‘m 19 mature ages old. I live in an Indian township. This twelvemonth I did my guidance design 220 at an Indian school which numerous non American indians other than join in. Subsequent to learning design 120 and all the various aspects we secured with the vacillations of school types we could make a trip to, I thought I ‘d be acceptable prepared to deal with any schoolroom situation with the way in which learning design 120 had trained us to. Anyway the schoolroom circumstances we experienced was diverse to the 1s we were advised to think about. Going into Teach at a school where the vehicle of phonetic correspondence is English was what I see to be simple since that my place etymological correspondence and that ‘s the semantic correspondence that researchers ought to be comfortable with. In any case, that was just the start of my activity during my guidance design. Bing a science teacher was all the more hard as researchers could nâ €™t hang on explicit builds. My first mistake was that researchers had earlier information to the subjects being instructed, in the example of my group: 10 classification, the subject was explanatory geometry. They did n’t comprehend that when a negative is squared the figure since positive. The researchers encouraged prep was a stifler and classification cut was for mingling. Thus I had the educator ‘s position who said that the researchers know the work and they gripe for nil that they do n’t comprehend. Society has regarded that it ‘s all around that dark researchers that do n’t get English and wo n’t have the option to comprehend what is being asked, however in this school the Indian researchers got mistook for the English. Straightforward tasks like 3x=9, thus ten =3 the researchers did n’t see how the answer 3 is acquired. Something else that I discovered terrifying was that the schoolrooms were clearly n basic with no existent postings to do the schoolroom a topographic point where researchers need to come. With everything taken into account my guidance design was an existent encounter on how researchers and adults and their condition follow up on their conduct and open introduction. Something that I discovered rather retaining was during a workforce conference and they were talking why an exceptional researcher carries on so awful at school and one of the proposals was a direct result of the way his male parent treats him. Clearly the male parent truly hit the child in forepart of the teacher and strolled off and a team of different occasions the male parent sent the child with burst lips. This is non the solitary ground I accepted for the occupations I ‘ve experienced. I accepted at th at school it ‘s a ubiquity rivalry were everybody needs to suit in so the splendid individuals adhere to the savvy individuals and the blue 1s keep up to their kinfolk. What's more, once you come to rate: 8 u get started into one of those tonss. This is my own situations on the condition of affairss that happened during my guidance example and a portion of the grounds why I accept the condition of affairss happened. Issue work excursion using Vygotskian socio-social hypothesis: The significant activity I recognized during learning design was the insufficiency of both numerical etymological correspondence and insight and the capacity of the researcher to show their considerations or opinions in class because of the phonetic correspondence obstruction of commonsense English words. First I ‘d wish to show out that activity can non be illuminated over dull. It requires steady contribution from both the educators and the researchers. My first program of activity in my class is to advance perusing in my classification. Perhaps I can recommend that the school put in topographic point 30 proceedingss of readings in the forenoon. The segment of guidance does coordinate schools instructive papers that they can provide for researchers to peruse. The more the researchers read the more the researchers develop their jargon. My colleagues and I can introduce 10 new, intriguing and energizing words that the researchers can use during the hebdomad, at school to suppla nt the unremarkable words that they utilize all the clasp. Utilizing Vygotsky ‘s rules will take a few patients from both the researchers and the educators especially for teachers who have been learning for 20 or more mature ages, numerous individuals are non exposed to change. The accompanying measure as a maths educator is to build on foremost numerical discernment and activate the researchers, so that if

Amendment rights Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Alteration rights - Essay Example This is on the grounds that the window is perceptible by anybody one strolling along that road. For instance in Katz v. US, a case administered by the Supreme Court that there was no inquiry if an individual has a desire for protection and this desire ought to be sensible. For this case, if a cop glances through the trash, this can't be named as a pursuit since there isn't desire that the trash is private. The Congress has just positioned legal limitations on occurrences like when a cop screens phone numbers dialed by people. At once, the Supreme Court governed on account of Florida v. Riley, where cops had drifted over a speculate's home with a helicopter and directed observation. There can be no desire for protection in criminal operations. For instance where a cop utilizes a medication sniffing pooch to examine a criminal behavior isn't an inquiry. In specific situations, it isn't essential for warrant for an inquiry or seizure. For this case, the cop must have a reasonable justification that causes him to accept that the article being referred to is booty before the inquiry and seizure. There is search without a warrant on open fields if by any stretch of the imagination; the individual directing his action in the open field had no sensible desire for security. ... There is search without a warrant on open fields if by any means; the individual directing his movement in the open field had no sensible desire for security. For this case the significance of 'open field' principle is extended with the goal that it incorporates any open space. For instance for a situation that was administered by the Supreme Court that there was no hunt where the police had disregarded a no intruding sign when they entered the presume's property without a warrant and as they strolled through a way to the inside, they found he had planted cannabis in his territory. The Supreme Court administered for this situation of Oliver v. US that no pursuit had occurred at the presume's property. At time, there are special cases to the warrant prerequisite for instance in the event that the cop speculates that the blamed is probably going to demolish proof. For this case, the cop is allowed to look and hold onto the presume's property for proof without a warrant. As per Supreme Court, people have diminished desire for security while driving in their vehicles since the vehicles are not storehouses of belongings nor do they fill in as a living arrangement place. Be that as it may, the autos shouldn't be haphazardly halted to be looked without a reasonable justification or sensible doubt of lawbreakers driving in it. The cop for this case is permitted to stretch out the hunt to any piece of the vehicle where they accept weapons or medications could be covered up. They may likewise stretch out their inquiry to the travelers if there is a reasonable justification to look through them in the event that he presumes that they may concealing medications or any destructive weapon. On the off chance that an individual has not been captured and apparently he must be looked, at that point the pursuit

Get Essay Samples For Writing College Students Essays

Get Essay Samples For Writing College Students' EssaysCollege students are usually the ones who are asked to write their own essays. They usually have very little experience writing at all. Writing an essay is not a simple task. It requires skills that can only be gained through practice and good coaching.If you are a college student, you may feel overwhelmed and have some questions about how to write an essay. The best way to deal with this problem is to get some college students essay samples. There are many resources on the internet. Many sites have sample essays for a variety of subjects. You can look for samples of essays on student loans, college admissions, journalism, and more.Some students find that by looking for college students essay samples can help them improve their writing skills. It can make it easier to work with a copywriter because he/she will know exactly what to teach them. A copywriter will know what your goals are for your essay. The copywriter will guide you in the right direction so that you can get the job done.There are many resources that you can use to help you if you are college students. One of the first places to look is online. Some examples can be found for free but most colleges have online journals in print.If you can't find samples for writing essays for college students, you can find samples of college students for other purposes. You may need to spend some time looking online to find the information you need.You can also ask a copywriter that has experience with writing for college students to give you tips. These types of professionals can be helpful. If you can get them to coach you in the writing process, they can help you overcome your fear of doing it. The copywriter will show you the steps to take and help you get started.Most copywriters use essay samples and then coach students to become better writers. This is a part of their job description. You may be surprised that the samples you are getting are the same ones used by copywriters.You want to help the person or company that is paying you to write something for them. When you find samples, you can feel comfortable about using the material for writing an essay.

The Victorian Era Of Victorian England - 1856 Words

The Victorian era was the period of Queen Victoria’s reign from 1837 until 1901 when she died. Although the Victorian era was good for the United Kingdom in many ways, it was also a time where there were great differences in gender equality leaving women with very few rights. Therefore, making it a period when women began to demand equal treatment to men and although their rights would not be equal until the 20th Century, Victorian women started the idea. This essay looks at 5 key areas of Victorian life to show the gender and sexuality issues that existed. First, it will describe the Victorian idea of ‘separate spheres’ for men and women. Second, it will look at education and work to show how difficult it was for women to be†¦show more content†¦In this era, everything revolved around gender and the way other people saw you was always based upon this. For women it was a very different story, they were expected to be innocent. They were only seen to have a use in domestics so were forced to stay at home to cook, clean and only take an interest in what their husbands wanted, leaving them with no freedom of their own. They, themselves, were not allowed to be educated or know a world outside the home chores. They were also expected to raise their children and prepare them for the life ahead if them, without knowing much about it themselves. From this they gained the nickname ‘angels of their homes’, which sounds a lot more exciting than it really was. At the start of the Victorian era many children did not go to school and most worked in factories. There were some good boys’ schools around, but only rich families could afford to pay the fees, so even if you were male, the wealth of your family determined whether your life would lead to something worthwhile or not. Girls did not go to school at all at the start of the era, so were left with little, if any, education. Girls from wealthy families could be taught at home by a governess, but only the minority had this luxury. From 1833, this all changed and the English parliament began to provide schools for poor children. The Forster elementary actShow MoreRelatedThe Victorian Era Of Victorian England1779 Words   |  8 PagesThe Victorian era was between 1837 till 1901. It was a time of the industrial revolution, new inventions and where the country earned the name Great Britain. But with all of these positive events there were many downfalls such as the increase of pover ty and disease. Many authors saw this as an opportunity to show the reality of Great Britain , for example Charles Dickens wrote many novels. He talked about differences in classes and that even with all the money in the world your wealth has littleRead MoreVictorian Era Education in England Essay1470 Words   |  6 PagesEDUCATION VICTORIAN STYLE Education was an extremely controversial issue in the Victorian Era. 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And so at this time in England there were ingredients present to create a real revolution and bring a dismantling of the Victorian spirit, but they were underground and silentRead MoreEnglish Language And Composition Of The Victorian Era1320 Words   |  6 PagesMichael Linares Ms. Sipars AP English Language and Composition 15 September 2015 Response #1 England’s Victorian Era was a very influential and interesting Era that took place during the time that Queen Victoria was the Queen of England. The Victorian Era started around 1830 and lasted up until the start of the 20th Century. During this Era England became very powerful. Many amazing masterpieces were created by great artists like Oscar Wilde and Charles Dickens. The three class system which weRead MoreSummary Of Elizabeth Barrett-Browning And Oscar Wildes Poetry Aloud1073 Words   |  5 Pagesperiod known as the Victorian Era. A time of societal upheaval, poets who were motivated by their negative experiences of humanity used poetry as a vehicle to change the nature of attitudes in Victorian England. Within the pantheon of Victorian poets, Elizabeth Barrett- Browning and Oscar Wilde illustrated this changeable nature of Victorian England through attempting to transform the values contemporary to their time by challenging injustices within their society. As an era of emerging industrialisation

Leading Organizational Change At The Lao Tzu - 1186 Words

LEADING ORGANIZATIONAL CHANGE WONDIFRAW WOLDE DR. DEBORAH HEDDERLY MBA 610 ROSEMAN UNIVERSITY 06/09/2016 â€Å"There is nothing noble in being superior to your fellow men; true nobility is being superior to your former self.† Lao Tzu LEADING ORGANIZATIONAL CHANGE In my first year leadership paper in which I was expected to reflect on the various ethical systems used by a leader in decision making, I tried to explain how I got the inspiration to be a leader and hit on some important issues on how I could make better decisions using the leadership skills that I learnt from my first MBA†¦show more content†¦The team that I am leading needs to be energized by the feeling that change is needed right away. I will show them a good comparison of what the organization is now and what it will be after I introduce the necessary changes. The changes will include bringing about new vision to the organization which helps the organization to expand and be able to meet new set of goals making it more profitable than it was before, a plan to raise the bar for quality of production and better services. I will make sure that the teams in that organization not only just see the changes, but also benefit from the changes mad e. I will also make sure that all the ideas of the change are well communicated and that a common understanding is reached before applying the change. This is what creates the energy that empowers the team members to make a change and embrace the change as it is implemented. The second step that I will follow will be to establish an effective guiding coalition to make sure that despite the various obstacles and resistances that the change process might go through it will remain solid and that the change effort is well empowered and is kept on target through its various stages. The guiding coalition will have the right mix of individuals from different levels of the organization are chosen by the different teams of the organization and who are believed to have characteristics of credibility, leadership, and the necessary

The And Its Impact On Modern Society - 1578 Words

The entirety of the story was written from the perspective of the â€Å"surrounding farmers† from Animal Farm. When the computers were created, the scientists wanted to use them as a tool to contain knowledge. However, they overthrow the initial leaders and dominates the government which parallels to the expulsion of Chiang Kai-Shek from mainland China. Although the initial leader is not physically active in the story, they are presented throughout some of the major events demonstrating their opinions on the issue and what they would have done in similar situations. For instance, in frame eight the machines decided to improve their system of governance to one that involves human morality and consciousness as complete demolition of human†¦show more content†¦The human in the Animal Farm are the initial leaders in the story while the pigs are the computers. In the Animal Farm, the surrounding farmers: Mr. Pilkington and Mr. Fredrick viewed the animals as a threat to the ir authority which corresponds to the scenario where the initial leader malfunctions the computers to regain power. Additionally, the human and the pigs eventually unified and agreed to recognize the existence of one another. Although trading was viewed a â€Å"human-like behaviour† the farm traded with the human to improve their economical wealth. Which is similar to the fact that although the Communist party and the Nationalist party were opposed to each other, they â€Å"reunified† under the 1992 consensus for economical purposes. The two opposite forces in Animal Farm, Chinese History and the the story we created fought against each other for authority. Nevertheless, they concluded in a mixed government system where ideologies from both systems were combined into one. Our group’s reverse allegory comic features the computers as the new leaders of the society. We chose the computers as an allegory for Communism due to the fact that technology, in many people’s opinion, is the new hope for human race to prevent or find a solution for our world’s most critical crises. Communism also provided hope in both China and the Soviet Union in 1966 and 1917 respectively. Before Mao gained control of China, there was a century of

Management Principles &Applications in Construction -Civil Engineering

Task 1: Understand the evolution of management principles and their application to the construction and built environment sector 1.1) Explain the principles of management used in the construction and built environment sector. 1.2) Explain the influence of human resources management on the performance of individuals and teams. Answer 1: 1.1 Principles of Management in Construction and Built Environmental Sector In the construction and building industry, it is very important that each task is managed effectively in the company. Thus it can be said that the role of the managers are significant in conducting various activities within the organisation in order to ensure continuous production of the service. It is very important that the jobs are broken into its smallest parts and mist qualified employees are selected for performing the jobs. The employees need to monitor as well for ensuring that the employees are following the prescribed methods. It is very important for the managers to continuously monitor that each activity is completed at the required rate so that the task can be completed at the desired or pre-specified date. There are basically various functions of the managers. The main functions are planning, organising, leading, monitoring and controlling. Now various principles of management in the construction industry can be discussed here. Getting Tired of Never-Ending Assignments? Hire an Expert from MyAssignmenthelp and Get the Necessary Assignment Help at a Reasonable Rate. Discipline and Division of Work: it is very important to keep the discipline in the organisation for successfully conducting activities maintaining the organisational culture. The employees need to be categorised in various divisions in terms of their area of specialisation. It can increase the productivity of the employees and the effectiveness of the operations (Slater and Radford, 2008). Authority and Unity of command: the managers should have the authority for giving orders and the manager should understand the importance of his roles and responsibilities. There should be unity of the command. Scheduling: scheduling is one of the effective activities in the construction and building project. Each and every function or sub-activities must be scheduled effectively in order to meet the pre-determined timeline. Thus the manager must control the situation for managing the schedule of the activities. Remuneration: the satisfaction of the employees is based on the effective remuneration system and thus the manager should take into consideration whether the employees are remunerated effectively or not. Order and Equity: there should be order in the organisation. In the construction facilities, the employees are usually exposed to various forms of risks and health hazard. Thus it is very important to manage such activities in the organisation and take appropriate precautions in terms of risky activities (Osipova and Eriksson, 2011). There should be preventive as well as corrective measures in the Equity needs to be maintained within the company. That means each and every employee should receive similar opportunities and they should be treated fairly and equally in terms of disciplines. So these are the main principles of management in the construction and building company. 1.2 Influence of Human Resource Management on Team and Individual Performance Human resource management is the function that is performed within the organisation for maximising the performance of the employees. Human resource management can be implemented in order to gain the strategic objectives of the organisation. The main activities that are performed by the human resource managers are recruitment of the employees, provision of training and development, rewarding, performance appraisal etc. Here it can be said that principles and the practice of human resource management that is implemented in an organisation can significantly influence the performance of the teams and the individuals within the organisation. Here it can be said that the human resource management helps inn evaluating various policies and practices that helps increasing the performance of the individuals and the teams in the organisation (Ogunsanmi, 2013). The incentive and reward policies are one of the effective activities that are performed by the human resource managers and it can significantly increase the motivation of the employees. The employees can be highly motivated if the reward of god performance of individuals or a team can be ensured by the organisation in terms of recognition or certain benefits. Effective human resource management can also increase the performance of the individuals and the team in terms of conflict resolution. In highly managed teams, the conflicts are lower and it is resolved quickly in the organisation. This increases the efficiency of the team and individuals. Here the team dynamic should be analysed and communication should be maintained effectively within the organisation (Forgues and Koskela, 2009). It is very important to give the roles and responsibility to the team members according to their abilities and capabilities. This can help in increasing the efficiency of the entire team as each individual can perform better. Maintaining equity within the organisation by abolishing any form of discrimination can also increase the efficiency of the individuals. So these are the main human resource management programmes that can help in increasing the performance of the individuals and teams in the organisation. Task 2: Understanding the Construction and Build Environment Sector 2.1) Discuss the structure and activities of the construction and built environment sector. 2.2) Evaluate the organisational structures and approaches used in the construction and built environment sector. 2.3) Discuss how the scale and size of contracts influence business practices within the construction and built environment sector. Answer 2: 2.1 Discussion on the Structure and Activities of the Construction and build sector According to Kelly et al. (2014) the construction and the build sector is the largest industry by size inside the United Kingdom. This industry holds almost 3.45 million peoples. The study by Plunkett (2014) reflected that the growth of this sector is very much lucrative in terms of career opportunity. The present activity of this sector is divided into three major parts. The orientation of the industry has been illustrated through the following table. Sector and its specifications Services offered Sector 1: Contracting- 2.35 Million Jobs, 63 billion revenue Civil Engineering, Building construction and Specialised construction 0.31 Million jobs, 13 billion revenue Manufacturing of the construction materials and products Sector 3: Services- 0.58 Million jobs, 14 billion revenue Construction material production, Construction tools business, wholesaling of the construction tolls and materials etc. Table 1: Orientation of the industry (Source: Plunkett, 2014, pp.56) According to the data provided by Plunkett (2014) the contracting industry is the largest industry sector by revenue within the UK. It contributes almost more than 70% revenue income of the UK government. However, this business sector has been affected by the 2008 recession. Due to the recession of 2008 currently the contribution from this industry has been decreased to 6.70% from earlier 8.90% (Plunkett, 2014). The roles and responsibilities of the each of the unit are very much specific and distinguishable. The main role of the sector 1 is to develop the constructions of the buildings, houses and the national infrastructures. The major role of the team members of this sector is to develop and execute projects through accumulating resources from the other two sectors. The main responsibility of the members of the team is to ensure the quality of the construction. In some cases it has been observed that due to the negligence of the team member or through compromising about the quality of the materials the overall quality of the construction has been downgraded. This down gradation has affected the team and the company in future times. According to Kelly et al. (2014) the quality of the construction depends on the quality of the material produced by the production sector. Therefore, the main role and responsibility of the team members who are working pin this sector is to maintain the quality of the produced products in accordance with the industry specifications. The service sector is the second largest sector by value within the industry. The entire supply, availability of the products and the pricing of the products depends majorly within the hands of this sector. The traders of this sector have the maximum bargaining power. Therefore, the key role and responsibility of the team members working in this sector is to maintain equilibrium within the demand, supply and price. The main reason for this is that, as the entire infrastructural development is dependent upon the services of this industry is any unethical practices done by this industry that will badly affect the national economy. Therefore, the team members of this sector needs to carry their business through keeping the national and the company interest on the mind. No the roles of some of the team members in the construction industry is given. The Surveyor: the surveyor is the custodian of the information of the land. The surveyor first determines the features, location, topography, size etc of the land. After that accurate and effective planning can be conducted. The Architect: the architect helps in understanding and formulating the requirements of the clients. After that the architect visualises the requirements of the clients and then helps in realising the visualisation (Anyanwu, 2013). The Engineer: for the design team, the engineers are the most important members as they have the responsibility in assisting the overall design of the project. Various analyses and calculations are done by the engineers in the mechanical, electrical, structural, and geotechnical department. After that they produce drawings, schedules and specifications for the construction. The Project Manager: the project manager inspects the material and the workmanship of the entire project. They are responsible for controlling the project so that it can finish on time. They are responsible for managing the schedule of the project. they are also responsible for maintaining the quality of the project and ensuring that the project conforms with the design. 2.2 Evaluation of Organizational Structure and Approaches The core value of the company is concentrated within the four pillars. Those are: Delivering quality Higher customer satisfaction Maintaining the health safety Protecting the environment (co.uk, 2015). The mission of the company is to deliver environment friendly high quality construction development through maintaining the safety measures (Stepnell.co.uk, 2015). On the other hand, the strategy of the company is to putting more focus on the life cycle of the construction. According to Plunkett (2014) the main aspect of a construction is the maintenance and the build-ability. If any of the aspects are neglected, then the life cycle of the building will be hampered. Considering the scenario the main strategy of the company is to develop projects through life cycle approach (Stepnell.co.uk, 2015). Other than this, the other sub lining strategy of the company is to grow the business through gaining customer loyalty. The strategy for gaining the customer loyalty is to deliver feasible and buildable solution to the clients. According to Rodriguez (2014) this strategy has enabled them to gain the customer confidence on them. Stepnell is a completely family driven company. The overall structure of the company follows a flat organizational structure. The top management and the governing body is entirely family focused and the rest of the company members are recruited from outside (Kelly et al. 2014). However, the internal structure of the company follows two types of structures one is Divisional structure and the other one is Project matrix structure. A flat organisational structure has relatively fewer layers than other organisational structure. Thus it can be said that the span of control is wide and the chain of command is short from the top to bottom. A flat organisational structure can be seen in smaller organisations. It is evident that there is greater communication among the workers and the managers and the decision making is easier due to less bureaucracy. Source: (Learnmanagement2.com, 2015) The matrix management is the practice of managing individuals with more reporting lines and the matrix can also be used for cross business groups. The matrix can be incorporated in the project management as well. The organisation basically falls between fully functional and pure matrix structure. In the following diagram the structure for a matrix organisation is given. It is seen that in a matrix organisational structure there is compartmentalisation within the roles and the responsibility of the workers. The workers are accountable for their operations to the functional managers. Thus the matrix organisational structure are like functional organisational structure. Source: (Project-management-course.info, 2015) The construction division is managed through the project matrix structure. Every individual project is maintained by one single project manager and with his/ subordinates. On the other hand, the administration and the other adjacent departments follow the Divisional structure. According to Plunkett (2014) the main reason for the following of the divisional structure within the administrative and the adjacent departments is that this structure allows flexibility of the working methods and policies in accordance with the environmental dynamics. However, the main reason for following the project matrix structure in the construction division is that in construction higher control and quality maintenance is required. Therefore, this structure allows more control on the operations. According to Theconstructionindex.co.uk (2014) the scientific division of work and the life cycle approach strategy has enabled the company to increase its profitability by 10.70%. Stepnell follows the line communication relationships within the company. This enables them to maintain the flow of communication and the uniformity of the communication and policies. 2.3 Discussion on the influence of Scale and Size of contracts on the business The scale and the size of contract highly influence the business of this sector. According to Plunkett (2014) the size and complexity, type and the location of the contract influences the entire business sector. The size of the contract majorly develops the strategy for the execution of the project. If a company is having two projects one is of high value and the other one is of lower value. Then the company will imply more control on the high value project rather than on the lower value project. The main reason behind this is that if the high value project gets delayed or any unfavourable conditions rises during the project it will have higher financial impact on the company. However, these terms and conditions majorly depends on the type of contracts developed by the both the parties and the condition of the liability sharing. Commonly three types of contracts are very much popular within the construction sector. Those are: Cost plus contracts Fixed Contracts Time and Material Contracts (Rodriguez, 2014). In the cost plus contact, the cost of the contract is flexible and it accumulates the value through the invoice generation from the actual work site. In this type of contract, the invoices should have the detailed breakout of the value otherwise, the contractee has the right to delay the payment schedule. However, in this type of contract the contractee has the risk of higher expenditure as the cost of the project is variable (Kelly et al. 2014). Fixed contact is one of the mostly followed contracts by the construction companies. In this contract the contract is developed through the agreed estimated cost with a special provision for the further cost increment in the cases of special circumstances. This is very much profitable for the construction companies because through proper scheduling of the project they can avail the profit of early termination (Kelly et al. 2014). The time and material contract is a win-win situation for both the parties while the slope of the project is not clear. The contract is developed through the agreed rate on the daily or hourly rate through the detailed explanation of the overhead, direct cost, indirect cost and the mark-up cost. The main responsibility for both the parties is to maintain the clarity on the expense and the slope of thee project so that the project does not cross the estimated cost by a large amount. If this happens then it could hamper the financial profitability of the contractee (Kelly et al. 2014). Some of the contracting methods can be given here. Traditional contracting: it is one of the common methods of contracting. In this method there is cost certainty and time predictability. For various fast track projects, the method can be very suitable. At first the team of consultants are appointed and the tender documents and the drawings are prepared. Then the building contractors are approached and the work is initiated. The consultants basically administer the projects and they advice on several aspects like payment, design, progress etc. Design and Build: it is one of the single consultants or contractor system of contracting where the single contractor is appointed for the construction operations and for builds and design management. The contractor can also hire various subcontractors after they get the contracts. The design and build projects can vary depending on the contractors design responsibility and the requirements of the employer. The employer usually has the control over the design elements of the project (Jctltd.co.uk, 2015). Management Contracting: it is one of the most common contracting methods that are used by organisations nowadays. The selection of the management contractor is done by the management fee, prime costs, paid basis, and tendering. The execution of the work is the main role of the management contractors. The main contractor hires other sub-contractors for the execution of works as they are not involved in any form of construction work. The management contractors accept the responsibilities for the managing the contracts (Chao and Hsiao, 2012). The design and construction in the management contracting can be handled by the managers as well (Fageha and Aibinu, 2014). Task 3: Understanding the Management techniques used in the mentioned Sector 3.1) Explain the use of planning in the management of construction projects. 3.2) Explain how procurement scheduling and control are managed. 3.3) Explain how quality control and risk management are managed. Answer 3: 3.1 Explanation of planning in the management of construction process Construction planning types According to Kelly et al. (2014) the planning for the management of the construction process follows two different ways one is the cost oriented and the other one is the schedule oriented. The main motto of the planning in the construction sector is to minimise the slope and to maximize the utility of the project. The project planning starts with the designing issue. The main project starts only after the finalizing the design. Most of the companies follow the schedule oriented planning. In this most of the companies, the critical path was being followed because it provides a practical execution view of the project (Plunkett, 2014). The main importance of managing the project planning through the critical path method is that it helps to maintain the time-cost proportion of the entire project. The other use of the planning within the construction project is that it allows avoiding the collision of the resources. The other aspect of planning within the construction project is that it allows to maintain the project cost and to minimize the loss that may arise due to the loss of resources or due to collision of the application of the resources. 3.2 Explanation on the management of procurement scheduling and control Procurement scheduling is the most important section for any of the construction company. In this stage the actual construction project starts through the inclusion of the raw materials, labours and equipments. The management of the procurement scheduling and controlling of any project is very much important because the main profit generation and the quality maintenance aspect is dependent upon this stage. Any delay or lag within the procurement timeline could hamper the profitability of the project. According to Kelly et al. (2014) the main procurement scheduling and control of the schedule is implied on the purchase of the materials. The main reason for this is that the higher cost is involved within this section. Moreover, the process made with the labours and the other tools are directly dependent upon the supply of the raw martial by the other parties. In stepnell the company develops separate contracts with the procurement parties through sub contracts. The procurement list only made through analyzing the requirement of the project and the capacity of the listed agencies. This mapping helps the company to identify the right candidate for the development of the procurement sub contact for a particular project (Stepnell.co.uk, 2015). According Plunkett (2014) this mapping helps the company to maintain the control over the cost and the flow of the work. The control is generally done through the periodical measurement of the project flow in accordance with the planned flow (Rodriguez, 2014). If any gap comes up or delay spotted within the work flow a systematic cause-effect analysis is done to identify the impact on the entire workflow. If any impact on the other process or the overall project comes up through this analysis, an immediate control is being applied to minimize the impact. 3.3 Explanation on the management of quality control and risk management The quality control of any construction project is done thorough implementing the TQM- Total quality management method or through statistical method. The statistical method is majorly implemented to analyze the quality of the construction. To quality of the construction and the foundation in now a day is majorly done through the X-Ray testing (Rodriguez, 2014). The result of the X-ray testing is being interpreted in accordance with the desired quality to analyze the quality of the construction. On the other hand, the overall quality of the project is being judged by the implementation of the Total Quality management on the project. The implementation of the total quality management is done through the setting up the benchmarks for the project (Plunkett, 2014). Once the benchmark is fixed for the quality, testing is done through a periodical manner to identify any issues related to the project growth and the project implementation quality. However, the risk management is done through implementing the health and safety measurement for the workers working for the project (Kelly et al. 2014). The risk control is ensured through providing the adequate safety materials to the workers and through provision a small medical unit for providing initial treatments if any unfavourable circumstances rise during the course of the project. Task 4: Understand the methods of procurement and contracting used in the construction and built environment sector. 4.1) Evaluate the procurement methods used in the construction and built environment sector 4.2) Explain the use of contracts to manage construction projects. 4.3) Evaluate the impact of procurement techniques on the organisation and operation of construction firms and construction projects. Answer 4: 4.1Evaluation of Procurement Methods used in the Construction and Built Environment: Procurement refers to the acquisition of various raw materials and other inputs in order to produce the final outputs by the organisation. In the construction and built environment sector, there are several activities that need to be conducted in order to produce the final products in the organisation. In a construction sector the procurement method is a series considered risks and it can be said that all the procurement methods have certain advantages and disadvantages. Thus it is very important to calculate the cost and the benefits and implement appropriate methods. There are several routes of procurement that are available to the company. The organisation can select from various procurement types like construction management, design and build and traditional (Arditi, 2012). There are various ways in which the methods of procurement are categorised. These are, The way construction and design is maintained and ordered Available information at the time of contract distribution Risks taken by each party There are various ways in which the contractor can be selected. The contractor can be selected on the basis of negotiation or the competition. These can be discussed here Selective Competition: it is one of the common and traditional methods of awarding the contracts of construction. The project team selects a number of reputed firms for tendering the project and the firms submitting the lowest tender gets the project. Open competition: this process is also used for tendering. Often necessary criteria are advertised in the in the local trade publication. The limit of the selected firms is in most cases 6 but price can be submitted by any number of firms in case of open tendering. There are restrictions on the number of available documents. The consultants are consulted and then the suitable contractor is selected. In open tendering other factors are also considered along with price. Negotiated Contracts: it is one of the most common procurement methods that are used by organisations nowadays. This type of contracting occurs when the there is absence of competition and when the price is to be agreed with the sole contractor (Chao and Hsiao, 2012). After pricing the documentation it is reviewed by the surveyor of the client. In the document when any form of disagreements arises, they are negotiated within the parties. The process can add 5% cost to the contract. It can lead to more participation of the contractor in the project. Now some of other measures of tendering can be discussed as well. Public Private Partnership: the public private partnership can be referred as the partnership between the private and the public sector parties. The government and the private sector parties can agree on the division of risks and tasks for a construction project. Due to limited funds, the public sector can join with the private sector parties for undertaking a In some cases the cost is borne by the users of the service and not by the taxpayers (Fageha and Aibinu, 2014). The government may provide grant in case of infrastructural investment projects. Here several risk factors can also be taken into account. In certain cases the private sectors cannot take the risks of a project and thus such risky projects are undertaken by the public sector. A special company is also formed by the private sectpor consortium and it is called special purpose vehicle (SPV). Partnering: the partnering in construction is the commitment between the architect, the consulting engineer and the owner for avoiding any form of disputes and improving the communication among the related parties by sharing common objectives and goals of the project. In case of partnering the surprises can be eliminated along with the adversarial relationships and goodwill and trust can be built among the partners. Thus it can be said that it can benefit in the construction industry (Cheung, 2010). PFI Contracts: private finance initiative is also a type of procurement method that can be undertaken by a construction company. PFI is one of the methods of creating a public private partnership. In this method, the public resources and the private capacities are used for delivering the services, specified by the public sector. The PFI activities are related with the public procurement. PFI differs from privatisation in the in the public sector. A substantial role is undertaken by the PFI projects and it is either as essential enabler of the project or as the ain purchaser of the service. In PFI the risk is shifted from one sector to another. 4.2. The use of Contracts to Manage Construction Projects It is known that construction works are critical and it is not always possible for the organisations to undertake the projects on their own. In case of large construction works, the organisations may hire various contractors for the procurement and execution of the entire project. Giving contracts of construction is one of the effective strategies that are implemented by the companies. Here it can be said that the contracts can be effectively used in order to manage the construction projects. It is known that Stepnell is one of the most profitable construction companies in the country. One of the strengths of the company is the ability to provide complete engineering and construction service along with the technical consultancy (Eriksson and Westerberg, 2011). The organisation is also involved in various forms of contracting. Stepnell is involved in design and build, traditional contracting, framework partnership projects etc. The PFI and PPP contracts are also undertaken by Stepnell for a wide range of specialist developments. The Staffordshire Fire Station and Whitecross High School are the PFI schemes that are conducted by the organisation. Stepnell is managing the Whitecross High School for 25 years after building under the PFI project. Now some of the essential features of a valid contract can be provided here. It is known that contracts are agreements between two or more parties which have legal consequences as well. In one of the four ways the contracts can be formed. These are, Using a written contract: the enquiry documents are included in the contract documents along with the minutes of meeting, the written offer, a formal contract with agreed terms, and method statements etc. By letter exchange: for alteration or repairs, extension of small domestic works etc. By word of mouth: the offer can be accepted by telephone Implied by the conduct of the party: an offer may be submitted by a contractor and afterwards the access to site can be achieved. Now some of the elements can be mentioned here for a contract to be valid and legally enforceable. These are, Legality: the main purpose of the contract should be legal Genuineness of consent: the parties must not impose be pressured and they should exercise their free will before entering the contract. Capacity: there should be legal capacity of each party for entering the contract. Consideration: there should be contribution of something of value by each party. The construction must be completed by the contractor where the client is bound to pay for the work. Offer and acceptance: there should be an offer by one party and the other party must accept the offer. Intention to create legal relation: the transaction will be bound by the law. Thus it can be said that the contracts can be used for managing the construction projects. There are various methods of procurement. In these methods, the construction contracts are given to a single or multiple contractors for managing the projects from the initial stage through the procurement and execution stage. The contractors can provide assistance throughout the entire construction operations and various issues can be eliminated through effective management practices implemented by them. There is a clear role and responsibility of the contractors. Thus the contractors can help in managing the construction projects of an organisation (Forgues and Koskela, 2009). 4.3. Impact of Procurement Technique on the Organisation and Operations It is known that there are several procurement techniques that are undertaken by an organisation. The procurement process can be traditional, public private partnership, management contracting, design and build and framework agreement. Here it can be said that the techniques or processes in each of these methods differ from each other to a certain length. Thus it can be said that the impact of each technique can be seen on various aspects of the construction projects or the firms (Ogunsanmi, 2013). The impact of the procurement techniques can be illustrated in terms of the multi-disciplinary teams, government initiatives, sustainability, environmental management issues, legislation, and professional standards. Here it can be said that in a construction company, there can be multi-disciplinary teams in the construction company. The impact of procurement technique can be seen on the multidisciplinary teams as well. In terms of the acquisition of the inputs and the contractors hired, the teams can be rebuilt or new members can be added in the reams for executing the operations. In case of public private partnership, it is very important to take various rules and regulations that are provided by the government into consideration. In a public private partnership, the government has certain degree of power over the private sector. The government initiative thus depends on the procurement technique that is taken by the organisation (Osipova and Eriksson, 2011). Here the context of sustainability needs to be taken into consideration as well. The procurement process can lead to environmental and sustainability management issues as the construction projects may lead to environmental issues. Here the Latham report, entitles Constructing the teams can be presented here. The report was published in 1994 and it reviewed the contractual arrangement and the procurement arrangement in the construction industry. In the report some of the controversial issues that are seen in the industry are discussed. In the report some of the results of poor performance projects are given for the construction sector (Latham, 1994). The report established the fact that teamwork is very important in the construction sector and thus reforms are required in the sector. Thus it can be said that the industry was ineffective, fragmented and incapable of delivering the quality service. It is very important to implement benchmarking process in the industry for the comparison of cost, cycle time quality and productivity (Latham, 1994). It is known that sustainable construction should be the main aim in the construction industry. The procurement process can affect the performance in the construction ind ustry and thus effective strategies must be implemented for sustainable construction. Conclusion In conclusion it can be said that Stepnell is one of the most successful and profitable companies in the construction industry. In this assignment various aspects of the construction industry in terms of the organisational operations has been presented. Here the principles of management, influence of human resource management, the structure and activities, various approaches, influence of scale and size, planning and management, procurement scheduling and control, quality control, risk management, procurement methods, the use of contracts, and the evaluation of the procurement techniques are conducted in a build and construction industry. References Anyanwu, C. (2013). The Role of Building Construction Project Team Members In Building Projects Delivery.IOSR Journal of Business and Management, 14(1), pp.30-34. 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