Do You Think Advertising to Children Should Be Banned Essay

Do you think advertising to children should be banned? Why or why not? It is an established fact that companies might benefit from right understanding of the children’s role in purchasing process. It is considered to be the case adults are loyal to those brands which they are used to enjoy in their childhood. Moreover, getting elder, children may influence their parents quite deeply. Parents tend to work more and earn more to make up the deficiency of the time to spend with their children by making some purchases. Thus, effective advertising addressed to the young audience is in the interests of manufactures. Due to a possible harmful effect on children advertising is the subject of wide speculation: whether it should be banned or not. It is important to find out which groups of children run the risk. Many researches describing human socialization’s process divide it in several similar stages (Table 1). This division is very relative, but not devoid of sense. The summarized stage from birth to 2 years is not significant for consideration due to lack of ability to distinguish between commercials and other TV programs which appears in the second stage (2 – 6 years). In this stage, children don’t tend to deconstruct contradictions in their opinions and are not able to tend difference between their own belief and another point of view thrust on them. At the age of 6 – 8, children are aware of existence of opinions which may differ from their own beliefs, but do not exhibit the ability to actually think from another person’s perspective. At the fourth stage (9 – 10 years), children are able to accept another point of view, but are not able to consider situations as an impartial side. Children at this stage are able to understand advertising intent and recognize bias in advertising. However, they have no defenses against advertising. At the final stage (since 11 years), teenagers are able to set up hypotheses and take into account all possible options. They have already got some knowledge of advertising tactics and appeals. As evident from this analysis, the most defenseless element here is children aged by eight. However, they are allowed to make just a simple consumer choice and strictly limited financial resources. As for elder children, they have more substantial financial recourses and considerable freedom. Besides, they may influence parents’ choice in areas such as electronic devices etc. Some people argue for ban against advertising. Nevertheless, there are some refutations of necessity to ban it. For example, younger children rely in their choice most on in-store experience rather than information introduced by adds. As for teenagers, they tend to use alternative sources of information, parental advice or peers’ opinions. Most researchers believe that some people have not got the certain characteristics of the final stage even during adulthood. The question arises as to not just advertising to children, but advertising to everyone. In my opinion, the most reasonable way is to control (or even ban in certain cases) advertising of goods such as cigarettes, alcohol and non-nutritious foods.

The Reasons Why the World’s Languages Are Disappearing

The reasons why the world’s languages are disappearing Language is everything; because language is a part of culture which is inseparable with human’s life. People speak by their language regardless of what language they use. There are more than 60. 000 languages which do exist in the world; but unfortunately nowadays every fortnight, a language dies; more than half of the world’s languages are in danger; and by the end of this century it is going to disappear completely. The pace of the languages extinctions are faster than the extinction of flora and fauna. The proof is in the last 5 centuries, an estimated half of the world’s languages have become extinct; but now language does not even need much longer period to become extinct; a century and it will be done. The primary reason as to why the world’s languages are disappearing is it has no longer speakers. Research proved that for the minor language, only a few people speak. Ironically, what research means by minor is the local languages; in fact there are much more languages that is considered as minor or local rather than the major. It means that there are lots of languages which potentially extinct. Next, the second reason is the languages are considered old-fashioned. Moreover, some societies are surrounded by people who speak more common language. Therefore, those societies decide to leave their mother tongue because it is some kind of disgrace of still speaking it in the middle of the society who speak more modern languages. The third one, it is because of natural disaster. It just disappeared instantly. People died and also the language. Therefore there is nobody who can spread the language; because they themselves as the native speakers died. Reason number four is because of the complexity. People hate learning a difficult language; lots of minor and local languages have a high complexity as of finally people do not want to learn it and by doing so, they do not speak it. Finally, there are 4 reasons why lots languages died out. All of them are the basic reasons; but not only human who has contributed to the disappearing but also the nature. Therefore to stop the disappearing, there must be something that we are suppose to do; such as try to learn the local language, learn to be proud of it and learn to keep it all the time.

Jee Bezos leadership style Essay

Jeff Bezos was born in Albuquerque, New Mexico and from an early age he showed his mechanical attitude developing intense and varied scientific interests. This is why his parents send him in a special program for gifted children where Jeff could nature his love about gadgets (Byers, 2006,). When his family moved to Florida, he discovered his ‘great passion’, computers so he left his studies on Physics and got a degree on Computer science and electrical engineering (Sherman, 2001) After his studies, Jeff Bezos started to work for Bankers Trust and at the age of 26 he became the youngest Vice President for the company (Byers, 2006).When he noticed in 1994 that internet usage was increasing by 2300% a year (Hamalainen & Saarinen, 2007) he started to plan his next step, Amazon. He started Amazon in 1995 with 3 micro stations in his garage (Robinson, 2009) by selling books and today Amazon.com is one of the most preferable internet retail platform where customers can find Dvd’s, CD’s, MP3 downloads, Books and toys. According to Economist (2000) Amazon.com is the most visited internet retail platform in USA and one on top 3 in Germany, UK, France and Japan. THE IMPACT OF AMAZON.COM Amazon.com is today the largest electronic retail on world (Financial Times, December, 2011) and according to J. Bezos (Wired Magazine, December, 2011) Amazon is a cultural pioneer who lives to disrupt even its business. It is now recognized by 55% of conscious population and it is part of our today’s culture (Spector, 2002, p20). The company spends almost 40% of their incomes on brand building (Margolis, 1999) and that’s why Amazon.com is a trustable  and a well-known brand name (Economist, 2000, Marketing, 1999). 70,000 people works today for Amazon and the company turns over 48 billion a year (The Telegraph, October, 2012). Amazon.com launched in November of 2007 Kindle E-book reader (Clark D., Goodwin S., Samuelson) and as Bezos puts it â€Å"Millions of people owns now Kindles† (Information Week, 2010). According to Gonsalves (Information Week, 2010) Amazon sells 6 Kindles titles for every 10 hard books and this strategic move increased profits up to 71%. Jeff Bezos vision about Amazon.com is to be the most customer-centric company in the world (Mellali-Johnson, 2000) and according to them the success key of the company is†¦ innovation-innovation & innovation. J.BEZOS APPROACH TO LEADING AMAZON AND HIS KEY FACTORS THAT HAVE CONTRIBUTED TO HIS PERFORMANCE. He was named â€Å"Man of the year 1999† (Time Magazine, 1999) and â€Å"Business person of the year† (Fortune Magazine, 2012). Jeff Bezos is a visionary entrepreneur leader (Dyer, Gregersen, Christensen, December, 2009). According to Moment (2004) the essential traits of an effective entrepreneur is to be singular focus, self-driven, ambitious, achievement oriented, imaginative, independent and versatile. According to Quittner (1991) â€Å"Bezos, naturally enough is unmoved by the nay saying†. He asserts some instinctive characterics from other leaders that makes him resist. Can he be described as a â€Å"Great Man/ Great leader†? As Huczyonki and Buchanan puts it (2007, p699) â€Å"Great man are born leaders and emerge to take power regardless regardless of social, organizational or historical context† Other researches on trait theories tried to specify the traits of a great leader ()and found hundreds on them but according to Kilpatrick and Locke  (1991) these are the typical leadership traits: drive to archive, motivation to lead, self-confidence, ability to withstand setbacks , honesty and integrity, standing firm, cognitive ability, knowledge of business, emotional resilient. When Bezos decided to quit from the Wall Street Job, he had a strong feeling that his new business plan for an internet based retail platform would be his chance to move his ideas one step further (Academy of achievement interview, 2001). According to Stogdill (1948, 1974) a great man is confident and he has a strong ego. A great man also has traits as honesty and integrity (Kilpatrick and Locke, 1991) and Jeff Bezos believe that one of the principal key of a leader is the courage â€Å"to tell the hard truth† (Butcher, Martin, Knaebel, M. Butcher, April, 2006) His collaborators and people that spend lots of time working with him subscribes Bezos as â€Å"immensely likable man† (Eskenazi, 2005) signs that shows us his very good social skills and they are surprised by his brainpower and the way that he inspires and lead his subordinates (NY Times, 2005) (signs of his intelligence and his motivation to lead) EXAMINE THE STYLE, APPROACH AND CONTENT OF THE LEADERSHIP DEMONSTRATED BY SPECIFIC EXAMPLES Daft (2009) subscribes Bezos as a strong charismatic and also a visionary entrepreneur leader (Dyer, Gregersen, Christensen, December, 2009). According to Sclooser and Todorovic (2006) there are communalities between entrepreneurs and charismatic leaders. Subordinates usually are attracted from the way that an entrepreneur charismatic leader shows his great passion on achieving goals, take risks, add value in the organization and how they control the business (Schlooser and Todorovic, 2006). According to Daft (2009) in organization like Amazon where growth increases and the leader (Bezos) provides his major goal for continued growth they are exited and  fully committed. Bezos has also a great ability to adapt to change and he believes that doing only things that you know they works you cannot explore other things and lose lots of opportunities (The business journals, May, 2008) Amazon.com motto is â€Å"Work hard, have fun and write history†. According to Adair (1979) in order to increase the effectiveness of the group, leaders (managers) must find ways to cover three basic needs of their subordinates, Task needs (work hard), individual needs (have fun) and Team maintance needs (write history). This approach is called Action-Centred Leadership and is part of Functional Approach where attention is focused on the content of leadership and how the group of the subordinates is affected from the leaders behaviour. Bezos is also an situational leader, when Amazon had 2,9 million dollars in loses he changed his strategy from â€Å"getting Amazon bigger and faster† to â€Å"look inside the house†(New York Times, 2005). Situational approach (Hessey and Blanchard, 1979) focuses in the situation where characterics of an effective leadership are depending on the situation. Furthermore Bezos is a transformational leader. Researchers in leadership argue that visionary and charisma are some of the characterics of a transformational leader (Mullins, 2010). A transformational leader inspires and gives vision about the next day of the organization and knows how to connect the archivements of subordinate with the organization goal (Kark andShamir, 2002). Shares are distributed for bonuses to the subordinates in order to motivate Amazon subordinates to see the big picture and to feel their participation to the organization goal. EVALUATE WHETHER JEFF BEZOS COULD HAVE BEEN AS EFFECTIVE IN A DIFFERENT CONTEXT OR ORGANIZATION, GIVING A CREDIBLE ARGUMENT FOR THIS SUPPORTED BY REFERENCED THEORY Jeff Bezos has showed he can lead Amazon.com through change via his ability  to make it the most costumer centric company in the world (Sherman, 2001). His visionary entrepreneur leadership style (Dyer, Gregersen, Christensen, December, 2009) allows the ability to fits in change (The business journals, May, 2008). His transformational leadership style (Burns, 1978) also indicates his charismatic way on leading his organization in different situations. Also, Jeff Bezos and Amazon made their move launching the new Kindle Fire HD tablets (Spencer, 2012). Kindle Fire Hd is now one of the most hi tech tablet gadgets in the world and Apple’s IPad finally found a real competitor. According to Spencer (2012) Bezos and Amazon are planning another big surprise for their competitors: The new Kindle phone. These shows us that Bezos remains a real leader when the context of the company changes. Jeffrey Bezos is an entrepreneur and like the others entrepreneurs he is known by starting his own business so it is unknown his ability to lead an established organization. It can be said that he could feel not comfortable leading companies that are out of his ‘area’ (computing & internet) but he also founded †Blue Origin† a human spaceflight company (Boyle, 2006). According to these transferable skills and his traits (charisma, creativity, energy-drive, strong ego, honesty and integrity, social sills) he could lead different context companies in different situations. CONCLUSION We have discovered that Jeff Bezos is a strong visionary and charismatic entrepreneur leader with traits of a great man. He is also a situational and transformational leader with a great ability to inspire his suborders who really admires his brainpower and his way of doing the right things. He can adapt to change and his transferable skills make him able to lead different organization by his own way. Kark R, Shamir B (2002) The dual effect of transformational leadership: Priming relational and collective selves and further effects on followers. In: Avolio BJ, Yammarino FJ (eds) _Transformational and Charismatic Leadership: The Road Ahead_. Amsterdam: JAI Press,67-91.a

Cell phones and the dangers of them Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Cell phones and the dangers of them - Essay Example Cell phones should not be banned, but its' usage should be limited. Can you remember the last time you walked down the street, or sat in a caf, or engaged in any public activity and did not see a cellular phone In just about every public place a cell phone would be visible as would be ring tones of the latest sound track and in different languages. Cell phones have become so common that it is likely to see a group of friends hanging out together but each engaged in a conversation with someone else on their cell phone. The use of cell phones cannot be avoided, whether it's a business man calling to check on his appointments, or a mom calling to check on her kids, or just teenagers calling to talk with friends; whatever the reason might be, cell phones are being used by just about everyone. Who is using and why they are using cell phones are the obvious questions with simple answers. The main question to address then arises, is using a cell phone really dangerous and what can we do about it It is important to note that cellular phones are still considered a new invention and it is too soon to tell if serious health problems are really caused by using such devices. However, a lot of research has been conducted in the past few years and many of the researchers are having a controversial debate to the severity of the problems caused by cell phones. According to www.cancer.org, "some recent studies have suggested that long-term use of cell phones may increase the risk of acoustic neuroma, a rare tumor that develops in the nerves near the inner ears."1 Even though this study has not been hundred percent certified as of yet, it is still something serious to look into. Would you really like to continue using cell phones thinking there is a possible you might develop a "rare tumor" All of a sudden, the prospect of having long conversations about nothing in particular does not seem very appealing. There are many ways to deal with this problem though. Just because a suspicion tells us that there is a possibility of a health-risk does not necessarily mean we should all panic and throw out our phones. As indicated by the Food and Drug Administration Center for Devices and Radiological Health and the Federal Communications Commission, "If there is a risk from these products -- and at this point we do not know that there is -- it is probably very small." 1 For those users who are still not convinced and suspect that cell phone poses a great threat to their health, they are advised to limit their cell phone conversations. Another helpful way to prevent health issues is to wear a headset instead of putting the cellular to your ear, that way the cell phone itself has less direct contact to your head and cell tissues. 1 Yet, there are other sources that state the risk of health-related problems from cell phones is neither a suspicion nor a myth, but rather a fact. According to British physicist Dr. Gerald Hyland, "If mobile phones were a type of food, they simply would not be licensed."2 That is a very strong statement to make about an obvious safety question and concern. In another cancer related website, Dr. Gerald Hyland is quoted again and this website does not talk about mere suspicions but rather addresses the matter in a very serious manner. To focus on why cell phones are possibly considered unsafe, the website explains that the cell

Stem cells is a scientific breakthrough that's revolutionizing Essay

Stem cells is a scientific breakthrough that's revolutionizing the health care industry - Essay Example Major breakthroughs in stem cell research include developing nervous tissue and dealing with spinal cord injuries, Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson’s disease, and stroke. In fact, stem cell research is a scientific breakthrough thats revolutionizing the health care industry. Since they are derived in the embryonic stages, these stem cells are often called as embryonic stem cells or just ES. The role played by ES in health care industry today is solely dependent on their cultures derived in laboratories. It is well known that stem cell cultures can be maintained and proliferated in the presence of bovine serum. The cultures allow blastomeres or ES cells to be subjected to differential treatment such as nuclear disintegration of cells, nuclear injection into de-nucleated blastomeres and so on to derive the desired tissue. It has been observed that by such differential treatments, the blastomeres differentiate into the tissue of the nucleus donor cells. Thus, any damaged organ of the body can be recreated through ES cultures and differentiation. The main applicability of ES cell research is the creation of fresh organ tissue that can be inserted in the damaged area in the human or animal body to replenish the organ and restore its functions. This has been successfully conducted in treating spinal cord injuries, strokes and functional diseases like Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s. Yet there is a long way to go. For starters, the biggest limitation of stem cell therapy is that it is restricted to creation of commonly occurring and specific tissue masses and cannot be used to replace or regenerate an entire organ. Therefore, through systematic stem cell culture, the endoderm, mesoderm or ectoderm can be recreated to be replaced in damaged organs, but in no way can an entire organ like a heart be constructed through regenerated tissue sets. Other

Marketing Environment of the Czech Republic Essay

Marketing Environment of the Czech Republic - Essay Example After its break with the Slovak Republic, the Czech nation rapidly privatized state-owned businesses. State ownership of businesses was at about 97 percent under communism—today it is less than 20 percent. The country is also reducing its dependence on highly polluting brown coal as an energy source, turning more toward nuclear energy. Unquestionably, the integral part of the history of Czech culture is Czech traditions. The traditions are mostly maintained in villages, especially in the Moravian-Silesian region, where they remain as a sign of the cultural taste of the specific areas. Traditional costumes are increasingly popular among Czech people and are also appreciated by foreign visitors. Tourism is a rapidly developing sector, and millions come to Prague to visit castles, palaces, and spas. Although the political and financial crises of 1997 eroded somewhat the countrys stability and prosperity, the Czech Republic succeeded in becoming a NATO member in 1999 and a European Union member in 2004. Czech culture has firm roots in a rich and plentiful history. Tourists and visitors from all over the world can marvel at some of the most beautiful and oldest pieces of architecture, literature and fine arts. Public administration or the management of public services is decentralized in the Czech Republic. Currently, there are only several compact issues managed directly and purely by the highest administrative level - the state. The Czech Republic uses several electoral systems and formulas for recounting votes into mandates. All elections are held on the basis of confidentiality, generality and equality. Direct voting prevails. In international relations, the Czech Republic seeks to represent itself as a democratic nation and a politically, economically and socially stable state in Central Europe. It seeks to promote not only its particular interests but also to

Early Medical Practices in the Neolithic Period Research Proposal

Early Medical Practices in the Neolithic Period - Research Proposal Example The objectives are to conduct a visual survey and then a targeted analysis looking for narcotic or other chemical traces, and to interpret the remains holistically including any new evidence found. Literature review There is a very extensive literature on the burial practices of Neolithic peoples, (Thomas, 1999) and indeed excavations of burial sites, especially in Egypt but also across Europe and in the Americas provide the largest sources of human bone material for analysis. The form of deposition human remains is, however, not without its problems because the bones are subjected to various processes ranging from burning, to de-fleshing, selected preservation of only parts of the body, and mummification. Various kinds of positioning in different types of ground leave traces on the bones which add layers of complication to scientific analysis. Incomplete samples survive, with uneven distribution due to geological rather than historical variation, which makes it difficult to form a c omplete picture. There are some Neolithic bone samples which show evidence of healing, but it is not certain that this is a result of medical intervention. The large number of trephined skulls found in Europe in Neolithic deposits, and somewhat later also in Peru, is however, incontrovertible evidence of medical activity (Ackerknecht, 1968, p. 8). McKenzie (1936, p. 895) theorizes that the purpose of scraping a hole in the skull was to cure giddiness or epilepsy but it is unclear what evidence can be drawn to point to this conclusion, other than that no trauma is evident in the bones, which could otherwise explain the hole. The Peruvian examples do show evidence of... This study is a great example of an investigation into Neolithic Doctoring practices via visual and chemical analysis. The Neolithic period from between 4000 and 2000 BC is widely recognised as being pivotal in human history because it marks the time when large populations of people shifted from a nomadic, hunter-gatherer lifestyle to a more settled existence dependent on agriculture as a major food source. Evidence for this has been gathered from several centuries of work in the field of archaeology. Often, however, the human artifacts do not provide complete answers to exploratory research questions, and so holistic techniques from the field of anthropology can be used to make sense of supplement sparse findings. The aim of the study is to explore the evidence in Neolithic skeletal remains in order to illuminate medical practices of this period. The majority of the material available from the Neolithic period consists of skeletal remains, and some work has been done on dental evidence and diet (Lubell et al., 1994). A combination of thorough visual examination and modern GC-MS testing of the bone material for chemical elements offers a new angle on medical practices because it will reveal both healing processes at work, and any potential use of medicinal narcotics. These testing techniques have been used on organic residues of 958 British prehistoric pots to trace dairy material and a similar method applied to Neolithic bone may bring to light significant information on medical practices of that time.

Oskar Schindler Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Oskar Schindler - Essay Example Oskar Schindler is known to have saved the lives of around a thousand Jews at the time of the Holocaust. What follows is a detailed account of Mr. Schindler (Crowe, 2004). The Life of Oskar Schindler Many people believe that Oskar Schindler was a true hero, at a time when the Jews were brutally murdered; Oskar Schindler actually saved the lives of 1000 Jews. What is most remarkable is the fact that he himself was a Jew ant that too one belonging to the Nazi party. For someone to have the courage to do that speaks volumes about his character. Oskar Schindler owned three factories, out of which only one employed Jewish forced laborers. In 1944, Emalia (the factory that employed Jewish laborers) was at its peak and had employed 1700 workers out of which 1000 were Jews. During the time of the torture, the Emalia workers were also subject to brutal treatment at the Plaszow concentration camp, however, whenever possible Schindler intervened to see that the treatment at the camp was as less severe as possible. Moreover, Schindler also gave refuge to his employees at the Emalia along with approximately 450 other Jews so that they were able to evade the torture and brutal murders at Plaszow (Bulow, 2009).

Quantitative research critique Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Quantitative research critique - Assignment Example Yes. The beliefs which support restraint from mammography diagnosis are the problem in the study; the variables are the primary care provider status and insurance cover status. The population under the study is women seeking non-urgent interventions in emergency units. Yes. The investigators identified the key research question as investigating the differences in the belief systems which hinder maximum use of mammography for screening for invasive breast cancer. The variables concern the party that will shoulder the costs associated with the screening and or the treatment plan. Yes. The researchers discussed the significance of the problem by noting that adopting mammography screening is the surest way to curb most deaths facing the one-eighth of American who fail to go for the screening early enough. Yes. By quashing unnecessary beliefs and doubts about the effectiveness of mammography screening option among women, the study definitely encourages more women to join the program so as to obtain timely medical interventions against breast cancer. Yes. The literature review follows a logical sequence by revising earlier studies putting the number of women affected by invasive breast cancer as one in every eight people. They also reviews critical literature showing that mammography is effective in early diagnosis of the cancer, but up to 40% of the vulnerable women seeking emergency interventions do not comply with mammography screening. As such, they suffer disproportional rates of mortality from the disease. Yes. The relationship of the study to the previous research is based on clear statistics and facts showing that the underuse of mammography is the greatest risk factor to invasive breast cancer deaths. Yes. The investigators described the varied understandings of the beliefs about mammography screening as the gap in the literature

Ssocial media Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Ssocial media - Essay Example Social media refers to any of the many online tools that allow people to share information and learn from others through a communication network in an open process. Social media thus refers to online contents that are created and consumed by regular people for communication. As Singh and Diamond (10) noted, it may be comments a person adds at the end of a website- article or family photograph he uploaded to a photos-sharing site or a video he uploaded to a video-sharing site. From some years ago to now, business communication for most of the business had a huge impact, because social media brought tremendous changes in business and marketing communication. It has not only brought greater opportunities for many businesses, but also posed bigger challenges for many to survive in competing with others. It thus becomes very important for a small startup firm to also realize that it needs to utilize the power of the social media well in order to prosper against the big companies that are already established. The marketing and advertising needs to be very sharp; website interface must be very catchy and most importantly, it must be able to gather a large customer base. For a new business to be set up successfully, marketing communication is an extremely important function since its ultimate plan to reach its customers will be successful only if it can communicate with its people about the business and its goals. When introducing a new brand or the existing brand with new product or service to the market, it needs to be communicated to the general public in order to make them aware about it, to inform or persuade them to buy or to keep on reminding them about the goods or brand (Kitchen 21). This can be done by displaying catchy captions and promotional logos of the brand... The paper describes the social media in competitive business contexts. Almost all Fortune 500 and world’s largest multinational companies have established relatively much stronger stance in social media to use it for marketing communication purposes, and they proclaim that social media helped them a lot. A best example is Wal-Mart because as recent reports and studies revealed, social media played a significant role in Wal-Mart’s success. Large numbers of business organizations and government firms use private as well as public social networks. Turban, Bollojuand and Liang (203) found that almost all Fortune 500 firms keep on encouraging its employees to use an internet social media by creating its own applications and social discussions. It proves that social media helps businesses not only for marketing communication, but also to enhance knowledge and experiences of employees and other people by knowledge share of social media networks and thus to improve overall prod uctivity of its people. Websites like Twitter and Facebook allow companies to form their own forums and groups where they can keep in touch with one another and discuss important matters. Such an exchange of ideas is healthy and keeps employees at their toes. Moreover, since everybody checks their notifications from time to time, companies need not worry about the message not going across. For any new or existing business, consumers are the biggest concern. Almost all the businesses today are required to be consumer-centric.

Geography And The Study Of The Environment But Mainly The Scientific Essay - 1

Geography And The Study Of The Environment But Mainly The Scientific Revolution - Essay Example Geography And The Study Of The Environment But Mainly The Scientific Revolution Geography is the branch of science that uses the same elements as the other sciences but in a different way. It uses data by elaborating maps as its tool.. The methodical approach organizes geographical knowledge into different divisions. Study of Geography is as old as human history. It was systematically studied by the ancient Greeks, who also developed a philosophy of geography. Many Greek philosopher made great contribution to the foundation of Geography. The most prominent of them were Thales, Eratosthenes, Aristotle, Strabo, and Ptolemy. The Romans also made contributions to geography by mapping of previously unknown lands. The Arabs also bequeathed in the progress of Geography during the Middle Ages. As stated in beginning intellectual curiosity is the essence of human nature that led to all the achievements mankind. Human beings were involved in pondering over nature since prehistoric period. The real initial recorded achievements were of Greeks. Thales was the first recorded Greek philosopher. He was first person whose mythology was used to explain the nature of the physical world. He introduced geometry and was a prominent astronomer of those days. He was the first man who started the real process of pondering and predicting. Although chronologically mentioning Raphael Sanzio is not correct but it will give us a continuation. Raphael Sanzio, was the great painter and philosopher with whose name Raphaels ‘s School of Athens is famous.

Philosophies of Education Essay Example for Free

Philosophies of Education Essay There are different theories that govern the procedure of learning among students today. Likely, because of the modern culture learning, the said theories are now changed towards the possibility of supporting the modern needs and demands of the students today. Such theories include the philosophies of idealism, realism, neo-thomism, experimentalism and existentialism. Each philosophy addresses different aspects of an individual’s learning and also presents different ways of approaching the subject of education. Idealism  The philosophy of idealism stresses the belief that ideas are the sole truth and the only real things that are worth knowing. Everything that is in this world are mere shadows and distorted images of a more genuine, a more real world. There is a world of ideas on which this world is based and it is only that world which is worth knowing. Proponents of this philosophy focus on the mind and intellectual mechanisms of students. The world of ideas, in the educational setting, becomes the world of the mind. This means an emphasis on fields dealing with symbols and ideas such as history, literature, art, and the like. Realism The philosophy of realism espouses the belief not in a world of ideas but rather in a world of things and beings. Truth, for the realist, is found in observable facts. This means that the realist believes in the world as we see it. The strength of the laws of nature are emphasized. The realist student relies on his or her senses. Learning is thus geared towards fields like math, chemistry, physics, biology, and the like. Neo-Thomism Neo-thomism believes that reality is the universal truth of God. Reality is something that is eternal and unchanging to the neo-thomist. Reality, or universal truth, is only revealed through holy text, such as the Scriptures or through revelations of a divine nature. Although it is only through these two mechanisms that reality can be learned, neo-thomists assert that truth is always supported by human reason. Experimentalism Experimentalism believes in a continuously changing world. Reality, for experimentalists, is what an individual experiences at every precise moment. Experimentalists discover reality through testing and group decisions. An experimentalist student would thus be viewed as an individual who is able to experience different things and coming into contact with other individuals who either add, do nothing, or detract from the said experiences. Emphasis is placed on fields such as sociology, political science, psychology, and other such socially driven fields as well as fields that deal with problem-solving. Existentialism Lastly, existentialism is discussed. This philosophy, originating from the likes of Sartre and Kierkegaard, believes in one’s own interpretation of everything that is around him or her. An individual is able to set for himself or herself a standard for reality and truth. Also, because the individual has this freedom, he or she also has the responsibility over his or her decisions and actions. Reality is, for the true existentialist, subjective. There is no one truth because everyone has their own version of truths and realities. Existentiallist students are free to learn what they want. Discussion is not structured in an existentialist school. Educational Implications of other Philosophies of Education It is undeniable that many of the philosophies of education have had varying impacts and implications on education as a whole. Some of the many theories that have done so include existentialism, behaviorism, perennialism, essentialism, and reconstruction. Existentialsim Existentialism believes in a relative world where every individual is free to create his or her own standards of truth and reality. Because of the propagation of this belief, education has expanded. Curricula are no longer based solely on the scientific method, in symbols, or in the words of a few significant individuals in history. Rather, learning has also become about dialogue between the student and the teacher. It is no longer rare to find teachers believing that they too have learned something from their students. This development is rooted in the principles of existentialism. Teachers are able to see that students are not merely empty vessels waiting to be filled with knowledge. Rather, they are also capable of setting their own versions of reality and of creating their own truths. This is why there are now many classrooms encouraging discourse and free expression. Behaviorism The philosophy of behaviorism emphasizes an individual’s nature to be conditioned, at an early age, to act in particular ways. Students are viewed through the mechanisms of stimulus-response. Behaviorism is behind the educational system’s drive of teaching through modeling and of teaching through a strict implementation of schedules. Rules and regulations in education as well as punishments that come from not following them are based on stimulus-response mechanisms. The most popular impact behaviorism has had on education is the use of grades as a form of reward for those who achieve well in school. Perennialism, as an educational philosophy, espouses a strict and inflexible form of education. It is the philosophy of perennialism that espoused the importance of rational thinking and reasoning. The structure of education, today, is based on the rigidity and conservatism of perennialism. Disciplining of the learner’s behavior in order to achieve reason is a common practice in today’s education and is based on perennialist form. Teaching through structured lessons, controlled teacher-led discussions and class drills are also a few examples of the palpable impacts perennialism has had on education. Essentialism Essentialists believe that there are certain specific skills that an individual must gain in order to have a rational life. The impact of essentialism is clear in today’s educational curricula. There are set subjects for students to learn and basic topics that are believed to be essential in rational living. The basics of reading, writing and math, for example, are never left out of learning. The emphasis education has had on such fundamental concepts are all a result of the teachings of the essentialists. Reconstruction Finally, education has also been impacted by the philosophy of reconstruction. This philosophy revolves on the concept of constant change. The world is constantly changing and humans have to constantly change in order to keep up. The greatest impact it has had on education is the way educators have handled other aspects of the field. Intelligence, for example, is now studied through a multi-dimensional eyepiece. There are now alternative learning procedures developed for the purposes of learners that fall outside the norm. There is more freedom to change educational machinations because of the concepts espoused by reconstruction.

HACCP Plan For Fresh Canned Mushrooms

HACCP Plan For Fresh Canned Mushrooms This project is based on the development of a generic model of a HACCP plan for fresh canned mushrooms by the usage of Canadian Food Inspection Agencys Food Safety Enhancement Program. The goal of this program is to indicate bare minimum requirements for an effective food safety management system. It is based on the principles of the Hazard Analysis and Critical Control Point (HACCP) system developed by the Codex Alimentarius Commission. FSEP has created 10 specific forms that can be used for the documentation of a HACCP plan. The 10 FSEP-HACCP Plan forms are: HACCP is an acronym for the Hazard Analysis Critical Control Point system, which is identical with food safety management. Basically it is a system which identifies, evaluates, and controls hazards which are significant for food safety. It gives confidence that food safety is being administered efficiently. The method looks for hazards, or anything that could go wrong regarding product safety, and implements controls subsequently to ensure that the product will not cause harm to the consumer. HACCP was developed originally as a microbiological safety system in the early days (1960s) of the US manned space programme, as it was vital to ensure the safety of food for astronauts. The Pillsbury Company working alongside the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) of the United States and the US Army Laboratories developed the original system (International trade centre December, 2002). PRINCIPLES OF HACCP:- There are seven discrete activities that are necessary to establish, implement and maintain a HACCP plan, and these are referred to as the seven principles in the Codex Guideline (1997). The seven principles are: Principle 1:- Conduct a hazard analysis. Identify hazards and assess the risks associated with them at each step in the commodity system. Describe possible control measures. Principle 2:- Determine the Critical Control Points (CCPs) A critical control point is a step at which control can be applied and is essential to prevent or eliminate a food safety hazard, or reduce it to an acceptable level. The determination of a CCP can be facilitated by the application of a decision tree, such as the one given in Appendix IV. Principle 3:- Establish critical limits. Each control measure associated with a CCP must have an associated critical limit which separates the acceptable from the unacceptable control parameter. Principle 4:- Establish a monitoring system Monitoring is the scheduled measurement or observation at a CCP to assess whether the step is under control, i.e. within the critical limit(s) specified in Principle 3. Principle 5:- Establish a procedure for corrective action, when monitoring at a CCP indicates a deviation from an established critical limit. Principle 6:- Establish procedures for verification to confirm the effectiveness of the HACCP plan. Such procedures include auditing of the HACCP plan to review deviations and product dispositions, and random sampling and checking to validate the whole plan. Principle 7:- Establish documentation concerning all procedures and records appropriate to these principles and their application (Food and Agricuture Organization 2003) BASIC TERMINOLOGY INVOLVED IN HACCP:- Corrective Action: Detection and eradication of the causes of a problem, thus preventing their recurrence. Critical Control Point: A point, step, or procedure at which control can be applied and as a result, a food safety hazard can be prevented, eliminated, or reduced to acceptable levels. Critical Limits:- The maximum or minimum value to which a physical biological, or chemical hazard must be controlled at a critical control point to prevent, eliminate, or reduce to an acceptable level the occurrence of the identified food safety hazard. Deviation: Failure to meet a critical limit. HACCP Plan: The written document that is based upon the principles of HACCP and delineates the procedures to be followed to ensure the control of a specific process or procedure. HACCP System: The HACCP plan in operation, including the HACCP plans itself. Hazard: Any biological, chemical, or physical property that may cause a food to be unsafe for human consumption. Hazard Analysis:- The identification of any hazardous biological, chemical, or physical properties in raw materials and processing steps, and an assessment of their likely occurrence and potential to cause food to be unsafe for consumption. Preventive Measure: Physical, chemical, or other means that can be used to control an identified food health hazard. Process:- A method consisting of any number of separate, distinct, and ordered operations that are directly under control of the establishment employed in the manufacture of a specific product, or a group of two or more products wherein all CCPs, such as packaging, may be applied to one or more of those products within the group. DEVELOPMENT OF PLANT SPECIFIC HACCP PLAN:- Some preliminary steps are required before development of a plant specific HACCP plan. These includes assembling of HACCP team, describing the food and its method of distribution, identifying the intended use and the consumers of the food, developing the flow diagram that describes the process and finally verifying the flow diagram. The following steps are all a part of developing your plant-specific plan. Description of the Product: The primary step in the development of the model for your process. To help you to progress through the remainder of your model development, it will assist you in describing your product. Process Flow Diagram: After completing product description, this form should be completed. This step consists of the course of the process as the product moves from receiving to finished products shipping. It is helpful to complete this portion of your plan while actually walking through your plant and following the production steps involved in the particular product or process. Hazard Analysis: This is a crucial step in the development of a plant specific HACCP plan. This portion must take into consideration the risk or likelihood of incident, and the rigorousness of each hazard. In order to be considered, an identified hazard must be of such a nature that its prevention, elimination, or reduction to an acceptable level is essential to the production of a safe food. Hazards that are not significant or not likely to occur will not require further consideration. According to its frequency, risk, and severity, the potential significance of each hazard should be assessed. Risk is an estimate of the likely occurrence of a hazard. The estimate of risk is usually based on a combination of experience, epidemiological data, and information in the technical literature. Pathogenic microorganisms of public health significance should be identified as a biological hazard with preventive measures to preclude their growth and propagation. In your hazard analysis there are three categories of hazards to considered: chemical, biological, and physical. Each process step will be evaluated to determine if significant hazards from one or more of these categories are present. The hazards will be listed at each process step along with the specific preventive measures that can control the hazard. Identify the processing steps that present significant hazards and any preventive measures on the Hazard Analysis/Preventive Measures Form. These will be derived from the process steps on your flow diagram. Critical Control Point (CCP) Determination: Detection and explanation of the CCP for each identified hazard is the next step in plan development. For the completion of this form we need the CCP determination and the information and data you recorded on the Hazard Analysis/Preventive Measures form. HACCP Plan Development: To ensure that your process is under control and adequate to produce a safe product, this portion of the plan development will be used to delegate the specific activities, frequencies, critical limits, and corrective actions. In addition, the HACCP plan will include specification of critical limits. These limits will be specified after the identification of the CCPs for the process and will be listed in the HACCP Plan. The critical limit must, at a minimum, meet the regulatory requirement for that specific process step if one exists. An equivalent limit based on a process or technology proven to render the product unadulterated may also be used. The following will be identified or described in the HACCP plan: the establishment monitoring procedure or device to be used; the corrective action to be taken if the limit is exceeded; the individual responsible for taking corrective action; the records that will be generated and maintained for each CCP; and the estab lishment verification activities and the frequency at which they will be conducted. (United States Department of Agriculture April, 1997) MODEL PLAN FOR FRESH CANNED MUSHROOMS:- Hazard Analysis: The foremost critical step in the effective development and implementation of the plant specific HACCP plan is conducting an analysis of the physical, chemical, and biological hazards associated with a process. The information gathered for the biological, chemical, or physical hazard will aid in determining where a hazard might happen in the process, what may possibly cause the hazard, how it can be prevented, and actions to be taken if conditions which could result in a hazard occur. Information on physical hazards may be more general and may consist simply of items found in foods that are injurious to human health such as glass, metal, broken needles, etc. The evaluation of physical hazards should include the suppliers utilized and their ability to provide products, ingredients, or materials that meet the food safety requirements of the plant. Past incidents of physical contamination occurring in the plant should also be a consideration when determining the significance of a hazard and the likely occurrence of a similar or related deviation. If specific chemical hazards exist that are associated with the process, these should also be considered at this point. Contamination from chemicals used for cleaning, equipment maintenance or upkeep is also of concern (United States Department of Agriculture April, 1997). Critical Control Point Decision Tree:- (http://www.fda.gov/ucm/groups/fdagov-public/documents/image/ucm054476.gif). PREPARING YOUR HACCP PLAN:- Assemble the HACCP team: Your HACCP team should be composed of a HACCP trained individual and/or other member(s) who are familiar with the product and the process as it is conducted in your plant. There is no set number of participants. This will be determined by each individual establishment. All team members should receive at least a basic introduction to HACCP. Training can be formal classroom training, correspondence, on-the-job training, information from college courses, and/or books or manuals. Product Description Form:- Form 1 Product Name(s) Canned mushrooms Important Product Characteristics (aw, pH, Salt, Preservatives,) pH 4.6 to 6.5 (low-acid) aw >0.85 (high moisture) How it is to be used Normally heated before serving or sometimes served unheated (salads, appetizers, etc) and can also be used for dressing Pizza etc. Packaging Hermetically sealed metal container Shelf Life Exactly Two years plus from the date of purchase, at normal retail shelf temperatures Where it will be sold Retail outlets, institutions, food service, and general public Labeling Instructions As per the ingredients added. Special Distribution Control No physical damage, excess humidity or temperature extremes Date: Approved by: (Canadian Food Inspection Agency 2009) List of Product Ingredient and Incoming Material:- This form is only needed if there is more than one ingredient. Form 2 Raw Material Mushrooms Packaging Materials Cans Ends Dry Ingredients Salt Ascorbic acid Citric acid Other Water Date: Approved by: (Canadian Food Inspection Agency 2009) Process Flow Diagram:- Plant Schematic:- A plant schematic should be prepared for the products or process groups covered by the HACCP plan. Plant schematic provides a basis for calculating prospective regions of cross-contamination. Plant schematic shall be clear, accurate and sufficiently detailed. Plant schematic shall at least include: the flow of raw products, ingredients and finished products, flow of packaging materials, employee traffic pattern throughout the establishment including change rooms, washrooms and lunchrooms, flow of the waste, inedible products and other non-food products that could cause cross-contamination and finally the hand/boot washing and sanitizing installations. The overall evaluation of potential areas of cross-contamination at the establishment should include any other plant schematic from other HACCP plans. The HACCP team shall verify the accuracy and completeness of the plant schematic by on-site checking. (Canadian Food Inspection Agency 2009). Biological Hazard Identification:- Form 5 Biological Hazards List all Biological Hazards related to Ingredients, Incoming Material, Processing, Product Flow, etc. Identified Biological Hazards (Bacteria, Parasites, Viruses) Incoming Materials Mushrooms: Could contain C. botulinum or other pathogenic bacteria, yeasts and moulds Could contain heat-stable staphylococcal enterotoxin from improper grower handling Empty cans/ends Cans could arrive with serious double seam, side seam, metal plate defects or physical damage which could result in leakage causing post-process contamination Ends could arrive with compound skips, metal plate defects, or damage, which could result in leakage causing post-process contamination Dry ingredients Could contain bacterial spores Could contain filth from insects, animals or the environment Water Could contain pathogens Process Steps Receiving Empty cans/ends received from suppliers without valid contract specifications could have serious defects or damage Dry ingredients received from suppliers without valid contract specifications could be contaminated with bacterial spores or filth from insects, animals or the environment Mushrooms (Raw) Storing Improper storage temperature humidity could result in an increased bacterial load Could be contaminated with filth from insects, animals or the environment Empty Cans/Ends Storing Physical damage could cause the formation of poor double seams, which could result in post process contamination with pathogenic bacteria Could be contaminated with filth from insects, animals or the environment Dry Ingredients Storing Could be contaminated with filth from insects, animals or the environment Depalletizing Using incorrect cans or damaged cans could result in leakage and subsequent post-process contamination with pathogenic bacteria Blanching Improper cleaning of blancher could result in the growth of thermophilic bacteria in mushroom accumulations Inadequate removal of gases could cause stressed double seams and leakage, which could result in post-process contamination with pathogenic bacteria Can conveying Physical damage could cause the formation of poor double seams, which could result in post process contamination with pathogenic bacteria Slicing/Dicing (If required) Slice thickness/clumping and percent fines could affect the heat penetration, which could result in underprocessing Filling Mushroom compaction during filling may result in underprocessing Weighing Cans not properly rejected for overweight could result in overfilled cans being underprocessed Water Filling Inadequate temperature could result in low initial temperature (IT) End Feeding/Closing/Inspecting Ends with damaged curls, compound skips or other serious defects could result in leakage and contamination with pathogenic bacteria Improperly formed double seams could result in leakage and contamination with pathogenic bacteria Thermal Processing (Still Steam Retorts) Non-validated process or vent schedule could result in underprocessing and survival of pathogenic bacteria Improper product flow procedures in retort area could result in retort baskets missing the retort allowing the survival and growth of pathogenic bacteria Excessive time lapse between closing and retorting could result in excessive build up of bacteria, some of which could survive the thermal process Lack of adherence to time, temperature and other critical factors of the scheduled process or vent schedule could result in inadequate heat treatment allowing the survival of pathogenic bacteria Cooling Insufficient bactericide in cooling water could result in contamination of product during vacuum creation in cans Excess bactericide in cooling water could eventually result in corrosion and subsequent leakage and contamination of product Insufficient contact time between the bactericide and water could result in contamination of product during vacuum creation in cans Insufficient cooling could result in thermophilic spoilage Excessive cooling could result in post-process contamination due to leakage of corroded cans Conveying/Drying Contaminated water from wet unclean post-process can handling equipment and general handling could contaminate product Container Integrity Evaluating/Labelling Failure to statistically sample and/or dud detect lots and reject and evaluate containers with no/low vacuum or serious defects could result in defective product going to market Physical damage to cans could result in leakage and contamination of product Storing Physical damage to cans could result in leakage and contamination of product High temperatures could result in growth of thermophilic bacteria Shipping Physical damage to cans could result in leakage and contamination of product Date: Approved by: (Canadian Food Inspection Agency 2009) Chemical Hazard Identification:- Form 6 Chemical Hazards List all Chemical Hazards Related to Ingredients, Incoming Material, Processing, Product Flow, etc. Identified Chemical Hazards Incoming Materials Mushrooms Could contain agricultural chemicals residues Empty cans/ends Could be contaminated with cleaning chemicals and lubricants Water Could be contaminated with dissolved heavy metals or toxic organic chemicals Process Steps Receiving Empty cans/ends received from suppliers without valid contract specifications could contain cleaning chemical residues and/or lubricants Empty Cans/Ends Storing Improper storage of cleaning compounds and other chemicals could lead to empty can/end contamination Dry Ingredients Storing Improper storage of cleaning compounds and other chemicals could lead to dry ingredient contamination Blanching Excessive cleaning chemical residues and/or lubricants could cause product contamination Mushroom Conveying/Inspecting Excessive cleaning chemical residues and/or lubricants could cause product contamination Slicing/Dicing (If required) Excessive cleaning chemical residues and/or lubricants could cause product contamination Filling Excessive cleaning chemical residues and/or lubricants could cause product contamination End Feeding/Closing/Inspecting Excessive cleaning chemical residues and/or lubricants could cause product contamination Date: Approved by: (Canadian Food Inspection Agency 2009) Physical Hazard Identification- Form 7 Physical Hazards with Controls List all Physical Hazards Related to Ingredients, Incoming Material, Processing, Product Flow, etc. Identified Physical Hazards Incoming Materials Mushrooms Could be contaminated with hazardous extraneous material, eg. glass, metal, plastic, stones and wood (slivers and fragments) Empty cans/ends Could contain hazardous extraneous material Dry ingredients Could be contaminated with hazardous extraneous material Process Steps Receiving Cans received from suppliers without valid contract specifications could contain hazardous extraneous material Dry ingredients received from suppliers without valid contract specifications could contain hazardous extraneous material Raw Mushroom Storing Inadequate protection against hazardous extraneous material could result in contamination of raw mushrooms Dry Ingredients Storing Inadequate protection against hazardous extraneous material could result in contamination of the food ingredients Can Conveying Inappropriate design and protection against hazardous extraneous material could result in contamination of the final food product Mushroom Conveying/Inspecting Inappropriate design and protection against hazardous extraneous material could result in contamination of the mushrooms Slicing/Dicing (If required) Product could become contaminated with metal fragments from plant equipment Foreign-Object Removing Inadequate monitoring and cleaning of foreign object remover could allow foreign objects to contaminate the product Filling Cans of filled mushrooms could become contaminated with metal fragments from filling equipment End Feeding/Closing/Inspecting Cans of filled mushrooms could become contaminated with metal fragments from closing machine during and after jam ups Date: Approved by: (Canadian Food Inspection Agency 2009) Critical Control Point Determination:- Form 8 Category and Identified Hazard Determine if fully controlled by Prerequisite Program(s) If YES, indicate Prerequisite Program and proceed to next identified hazard. If NO, proceed to question 1 (Q1) Q1. Could a control measure(s) be used by the operator at any process step? If NO = not a CCP + identification on how this hazard will be controlled before and after the process + proceed to the next identified hazard If YES = description + next question (Q2) Q2. Is it likely that contamination with the identified hazard could occur in excess of the acceptable level or could increase to an unacceptable level? If NO = not a CCP + proceed to the next identified hazard If YES = next question (Q3) Q3. Is this process step specifically designed to eliminate/reduce the likely occurrence of the identified hazard to an acceptable level? If NO = next question (Q4) If YES = CCP + go to last column Q4. Will a subsequent step eliminate the identified hazard or reduce likely occurrence to an acceptable level? If NO = CCP + go to last column If YES = not a CCP + identify subsequent step + proceed to the next identified hazard CCP Number + proceed to next identified hazard Process Step/Incoming Material: Mushrooms as delivered Biological Pathogens Yes Heat treatment Yes N/A Yes Thermal Processing Biological Heat stable toxins No Upstream programs (farms) Chemical Agricultural chemicals No Upstream programs (farms) Physical Hazardous extraneous material Yes Visual inspection Plant equipment No Process Step/Incoming Material: Empty cans/ends as delivered Biological Post process contamination from serious can defects and damage Yes Contract specifications Visual and can tear-down inspection Yes N/A Yes Receiving Biological Post process contamination from compound skips, plate defects and end damage Yes Contract specifications Visual end inspection Yes N/A Yes Receiving Chemical Cleaning chemical contaminants and lubricants Yes Contract specifications Yes N/A Yes Receiving Physical Hazardous extraneous material Yes Contract specifications Yes N/A Yes Receiving Process Step/Incoming Material: Dry ingredients as delivered Biological Bacterial spores Yes Contract specifications Yes N/A Yes Receiving Biological Filth Yes Contract specifications Yes N/A Yes Receiving Physical Hazardous extraneous material Yes Contract specifications Yes N/A Yes Receiving Process Step/Incoming Material: Water at intake Biological Pathogens Prerequisite programs Chemical Heavy metals other toxic chemicals Prerequisite programs Process Step Process Step/Incoming Material: Receiving Biological Empty cans/ends received from suppliers without contract specifications may contain serious defects, or damage Yes Contract specifications Yes Yes CCP-1 Biological Dry ingredients received from suppliers without contract specifications may contain bacterial spores or filth Yes Contract specifications Yes Yes CCP-1 Chemical Empty cans/ends received from suppliers without contract specifications may contain chemical residues or lubricants Yes Contract specifications Yes Yes CCP-1 Physical Empty cans/ends and dry ingredients received from suppliers without contract specifications may contain hazardous extraneous material Yes Contract specifications Yes Yes CCP-1 Process Step/Incoming Material: Mushrooms Refrigerated storing Biological Increased bacterial load Prerequisite programs Biological Filth Prerequisite Program Physical Hazardous extraneous material Prerequisite programs Process Step/Incoming Material: Cans/Ends Storing Biological Post process contamination due to cans/ends damaged during storage Prerequisite programs Biological Filth Prerequisite programs Chemical Cleaning chemical contamination Prerequisite programs Process Step/Incoming Material: Dry Ingredients Storing Biological Filth Prerequisite programs Chemical Cleaning chemical contamination Prerequisite programs Physical Hazardous extraneous material from storeroom Prerequisite programs Process Step/Incoming Material: Can Depalletizing Biological Post-process contamination due to incorrect or damaged cans Prerequisite programs Process Step/Incoming Material: Blanching Biological Growth of thermophiles Prerequisite programs Biological Inadequate removal of gases Prerequisite programs Chemical Cleaning chemical residues and/or lubricants Prerequisite programs Process Step/Incoming Material: Can Conveying Biological Post-process contamination due to damaged cans Prerequisite programs Physical Hazardous extraneous material from plant environment Prerequisite programs Process Step/Incoming Material: Mushroom / Conveying / Inspecting Chemical Cleaning chemical residues and/or lubricants Prerequisite programs Physical Hazardous extraneous material Prerequisite programs Process Step/Incoming Material: Slicing/Dicing (If required) Biological Improper slice thickness / clumping, and percent fines could result in under-processing Prerequisite programs Chemical Cleaning chemical residues and/or lubricants Prerequisite programs Physical Metal fragments from equipment Prerequisite programs Process Step/Incoming Material: Foreign Object Removing Physical Failure to remove foreign objects Prerequisite programs Process Step/Incoming Material: Filling Biological Mushroom compaction during filling resulting in under processing Prerequisite programs Chemical Cleaning chemical residues and/or lubricants Prerequisite programs Physical Metal fragments from equipment Prerequisite programs Process Step/Incoming Material: Weighing Biological Product heavier than maximum fill weight in scheduled process could result in under-processing Yes Weighing Yes Yes CCP-2 Process Step/Incoming Material: Water filling Biological Inadequate temperature resulting in low it Yes Take it just prior to thermal process Yes No Yes Thermal Processing Process Step/Incoming Material: End Feeding/Closing/ Inspecting Biological Post-process contamination due to damaged ends, compound ski

Laser Hair Removal: Strategies, Types and Uses

Laser Hair Removal: Strategies, Types and Uses Test patch: [10, 19] A test patch is performed by many physicians before performing the actual fist sitting of the procedure. A test patch is usually done on two or three different spots using different parameters. This helps in physician’s evaluation of the ideal treatment parameters and pain threshold for an individual case and also gives an idea to the patient about the procedure and the associated discomfort. This helps in reassuring the patient about the procedure. The patient is called after 72-96 hrs to assess the development of any delayed adverse effects and if there is no adverse sequel, the procedure can be started immediately. The energy density that is required in the first sitting is the one that caused a perifollicuar erythema and edema in the test spot.[ 30] However, a test patch may not always be feasible and is as such not recommended in all cases. It may be considered important in difficult to treat areas and in patients who are apprehensive. Laser safety It is paramount to observe safety precautions in all cases. This includes laser safety precautions and personnel safety precautions. These have been listed in box 3 Box3: Laser Safety Guidelines [19] Treatment Protocol [19,21] Pat should be asked to wash the treatment area with soap and water to remove any grease, dust or make up. Pre treatment photograph should be taken. The area to be lased should be marked with a white skin marking pencil. [Figure 38.8] Topical anaesthesia or ice cubes can be used to make the patient more comfortable during the procedure especially, if the patient is apprehensive or experienced pain during the test patch. The hair on the treatment area should be trimmed to the skin with the help of an electric trimmer or shaved with a disposable laser just prior to the procedure. The residual hair growth should not be more than 1mm -3mm. If the hair is stuck on the skin surface after shaving, these can be removed with the help of a micropore tape. The exact parameters to be used should be determined based on the test patch result or on basis of the skin and hair type of the patient. Prior to starting the procedure, it is important to recheck the parameters fed in to the system. Make a f inal check on the safety measures prior to starting the procedure as mentioned in box 3. It is especially important to confirm that all personnel in the treatment zone are wearing safety goggles. The patient should be informed before firing the laser. The hand piece should be kept perpendicular to the skin surface with firm but gentle pressure and there should be complete contact of the hand piece with skin. In case of areas such the mandibular edge, where complete contact in not possible the skin should be pulled towards the flat surface, e.g. cheek, to effect a complete contact. The pressure should be enough to reduce the capillary blood flow and push the hair follicles towards the skin surface. All areas should be treated in a single sitting. The complete area should be covered by proper placing of the handpeice with not more than 10% overlap of the treatment area. Care should be taken that the same area is not lased more than once which can lead to development of adverse effects . Care should also be taken to lase the entire treatment area and not leave behind untreated spots . This can lead to development of patchy hair growth. A treatment grid may be used to prevent these errors. Adequate cooling during the procedures can be achieved by using cool air sources or immediate application of ice packs on the treated area by an assistant. The recent equipments come equipped with cryosprays or precooled sapphire tips for intraprocedure cooling. Development of dusky discolouration or blister formation indicates incorrect parameters and these should be immediately rectified or the procedure should be stopped. Certain difficult to treat areas require special care. These are mentioned in box 4. After completing the procedure the patient should be asked to apply ice packs to reduce pain and edema. At the end of procedure a sunblock cream is applied on the treated area. The procedure details should be immediately noted and this should include the patient details and s kin and hair type, procedure details including date/ time, photograph record, fluence, pulse width and cooling method used and lastly the record of any untoward incident should be noted. Post procedure care at home should be explained and this should include avoidance of heat or hot water bags on the area for at least 24-48 hours, using mild soap and pat drying the treated area and in case if there is a blister formation or any other adverse effect, patient should be advised to apply an antibiotic ointment and inform the treating physician. Box 4: Laser hair removal in difficult to treat areas Adverse effects with Laser hair removal [30] Most complications are mild and transient such as pain erythema and edema. Sometimes superficial thermal burns may be seen. [Figure 38.9 and 38.10] These are generally caused due to wrong parameter settings, physician error during procedures, lack of adequate safety measures and inadequate sun protection by the patient. Table 6 lists the complications during a laser hair removal procedure and its management. Apart from these certain uncommon adverse effects are possible which the clinician should be aware of. Paradoxical hair growth is seen in 0.6% to 10% of patients treated as per data available from different studies. [30]. The possible etiology is the stimulation of vellus hair to form terminal hairs by the low fluences in the areas near to the treatment zones. Another theory is the synchronisation of the hair growth cycle to form terminal anagen hair from the dormant hair follicles. [ 57] Darker skin types [III-VI skin types] and patients with Hirsutism seem to be more prone to d evelop paradoxical hair growth. Continued laser treatment of the affected area is the treatment for the paradoxical hair growth. Persistent severe urticaria has been reported in a number of patients after laser epilation. Some authors believe it to be due to the delayed hypersensitivity reaction to the ruptured hair follicular antigen. [58]. Nd: YAG Laser treatment of axillary hair has been reported to cause persistent hyperhidrosis. This is possibly due to the stimulatory effect of laser on the hair follicle. [59]. Premature hair greying and ingrowing hair are some other complications reported. [30] Table 6: complications and its management during laser removal What’s New in Laser Hair removal? Newer devices are focussing on faster treatments with better patient experience. Devices with pneumatic skin flattening (PSF) help in reducing pain by working on the ‘gate theory’ of pain reduction. This theory states that on stimulation of the non-nociceptive nerves, signal transmission of pain is reduced. The device suction in the skin that has to be treated and this suction pressure on the skin stimulates the tactile nerve endings that reduces pain sensation transmission. This also helps in bringing the target chromophore closer to the laser window and reduces capillary flow which helps in optimising the treatment as has been explained above [illustration 38.4]. [30] SHRâ„ ¢ technology is another improvement that uses low fluence with rapidly delivered pulses (5-10Hz) and higher average energy. This necessitates the use of multiple passes to build the necessary energy but is faster and has a better patient experience. Another development for performing rapid treatm ents is computer controlled laser scanner mirrors. These help in automatically placing the laser beam in a perfect non-sequential pattern over a larger skin area. [60]. The technology helps in treating larger areas of various sizes by automatically addressing the issues of correct beam placement. Miscellaneous pearls in laser hair removal procedure The procedure of laser hair removal can be optimised by matching the patient and his correct parameters. Table 7 describes the ideal parameters for various skin and hair types Table 7: Laser parameters based on skin and hair characteristics As the hair structure changes from thick terminal hair to thin vellus hair, the laser parameters need to be changed to a smaller spot size. Hence a different laser may be needed as the therapy proceeds. Concurrent use of multiple laser wavelengths could have a synergistic effect and this needs to be probed further. Treatment grids are very helpful to prevent skip areas especially when a large area needs to be lased. Some patients may not respond to the therapy. In these cases, changing the wavelength may be helpful. Conclusion Laser hair removal remains one of the most commonly availed laser populations. The results post therapy are very gratifying. The learning curve with lasers for hair removal is not as steep as with some other indications. It is important not to be very aggressive, since that can lead to adverse effects. Newer technologies minimize pain and the treatment duration time. Home hair removal systems may prove to be a an essential aid in every house hold in the near future especially since the price are reducing and the newer technologies have made these equipments significantly effective. It is important to keep a standard operating protocol and following it diligently to reduce iatrogenic complications. Summary Hair has a lot of aesthetic value irrespective of age and gender. There is a decreased quality of life in hirsute patients. The laser equipments work in the wavelength range of 600-1100nm. Lasers act through the principle of selective photothermolysis and target the melanin but hair reduction occurs by the transfer of heat to the stem cells which are located in the bulge and the hair papillae. This works on the extended theory of selective photothermolysis. The parameters that have to be monitored for optimal therapy are the wavelength, fluence and the pulse width. Multiple equipments are available for hair reduction such as diode, alexandrite, Long pulse Nd YAG and IPL Home use laser hair removal devices are now available but are expensive at present. The commonest indication for hair removal is hypertrichosis in a female, however multiple other indications can be corrected by laser hair removal. Patient assessment includes detailed history and examination. An informed consent shoul d be taken prior to the procedure. The actual procedure is nearly the same with all machines with few subtle differences. Most adverse effects are iatrogenic and following a strict protocol helps in ameliorating these complications. Newer technologies are making the procedure faster and pain free.

The State of Mind of Hamlet in Shakespeares Hamlet :: GCSE Coursework Shakespeare Hamlet

The State of Mind of Hamlet    The Elizabethan play The Tragedy of Hamlet Prince of Denmark is one of William Shakespeare's most popular works.   One of the possible reasons for this play's popularity is the way Shakespeare uses the character Hamlet to exemplify the complex workings of the human mind. The approach taken by Shakespeare in Hamlet has generated countless different interpretations of meaning, but it is through  Ã‚   Hamlet's struggle to confront his internal dilemma, deciding when to revenge his fathers death, that the reader becomes aware of one of the more common interpretations in Hamlet; the idea that Shakespeare is attempting to comment on the influence that one's state of mind can have on the decisions they make in life. As the play unfolds, Shakespeare uses the encounters that Hamlet must face to demonstrate the effect that one's   perspective can   have on the way the mind works. In his book Some Shakespeare Themes & An Approach to Hamlet, L.C. Knight takes notice of   Shakespeare's use   of these encounters to journey into the workings of the human mind when he writes:   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   What we have in Hamlet is the exploration and implicit   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   criticism of a particular state of mind or consciousness. In   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Hamlet, Shakespeare uses a series of encounters to reveal the   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   complex state of the human mind, made up of reason, emotion,   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   and attitude towards the self, to allow the reader to make a   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   judgment or form an opinion about fundamental aspects of human   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   life. (192)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Shakespeare sets the stage for Hamlet's internal dilemma in   Act 1, Scene 5 of Hamlet when the ghost of Hamlet's father appears and   calls upon Hamlet to "revenge his foul and most unnatural murder"   (1.5.24).   It is from this point forward that Hamlet must struggle   with the dilemma of whether or not to kill Claudius, his uncle, and if   so when to actually do it.   As the play progresses, Hamlet does not   seek his revenge when the opportunity presents itself, and it is the   reasoning that Hamlet uses to justify his delay that becomes paramount   to the reader's understanding of the effect that Hamlet's mental perspective has on his situation. In order to fully understand how Hamlet's perspective plays an   important role in this play, the reader must attempt to answer the   fundamental question: Why does Hamlet procrastinate in taking revenge   on Claudius?

society Essay -- essays research papers fc

Argument: Why You Should Not Smoke Cigarettes You should not smoke cigarettes because of three reasons: Smoking causes cancer, Smoking is an expensive habit and Smoking also can cause heart disease. Smoking is linked to cancer of the lung, mouth, larynx and esophagus. Smoking is an expensive habit with cigarette packs cost anywhere from three to four dollars a pack, it adds up to a great expense. Also smoking cigarettes can cause a higher risk to develop heart disease. The first reason why you should not smoke cigarettes is because it causes cancer. According to National Cancer Institute article entitled, Cigarette Smoking and Cancer: Questions and Answers, "Cigarette smoking causes 87 percent of lung cancer deaths. Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer death in both men and women. Smoking is also responsible for most cancers of the larynx, oral cavity and pharynx, esophagus, and bladder. In addition it is a cause of kidney, pancreatic, cervical and stomach cancers as well as acute myeloid leukemia.† I think with the percent being so elevated at eighty seven percent, this should be a great reason to quit smoking. Each time a smoker picks up a cigarette they should look at this percentage and think is it really worth it. The second reason why you should not smoke cigarettes is because it‘s an expensive habit. According to the Middlesex Hospital website, Good Reasons to Stop Smoking Now, â€Å"Most people don’...

Should Gambling Be Legalized? :: Argumentative Persuasive Essays

Should Gambling Be Legalized?   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Over the past twenty or so years, great wealth and improved economic and social conditions have been promised to the communities that have embraced legalized gambling. However, with twenty years of experience it is time to look back and analyze whether this is true or not.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  It could easily be said that gambling is as American as apple pie. Gambling has shaped American history since its beginning. Lotteries were used by The First Continental Congress to help finance the Revolutionary war. Many of our founding fathers, such as Benjamin Franklin, Thomas Jefferson, and George Washington, have sponsored private lotteries. It has been said that "Our founding fathers were just numbers guys in wigs" At one time baseball would have seemed to be the American pastime. This is not so now. In recent years, the attendance at casinos has nearly doubled the attendance at all major league baseball games, with close to 130 million people visiting casinos every year.1   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  With so much money at stake, the average gambler does not stand a chance against this big business. The casinos go to every length to analyze what makes a gambler bet, stay longer, and loose as much money as possible.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Gamblers who come to casinos with the intention of winning money are habitually disappointed. As casino crime lord, Meyer Lansky's universal gambling truth states; "Gamblers never win, the house never loses"2 Slot Machines and most table games allow players to make bets where the probability of winning is relatively high. Frequent wins are characterized by low payouts. These frequent wins encourage further gambles with low payouts.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Frequent winning, low paying games are not the only way casinos get people to keep playing. Nothing less that psychological warfare is going on at casinos across the country. "The days of shaved dice, missing face cards and rigged roulette wheels are long gone. But the pursuit of profitability in the corporate era of gambling has turned the average casino into a financially hazardous place for betters"3 The casino's beliefs are all based on the fact that since the house has an advantage over the player, the longer the house can keep the player playing, the more money the house will make. The gambling industry spends millions each year to whether wider isles, fresher air, and back rests on the chairs at slot machines make a player stay longer.4 And why would the casino care if somebody is comfortable? Because if each better stays for just a few more minutes, it could mean millions for the casinos.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Casinos have false ceilings with rooms above them where some people

Working in a group Essay

As noted in the lead group’s forum, â€Å"through observation, [Florence Nightingale] collected empirical evidence that supported her environmental theory and used it to develop evidence-based guidelines that other nurses faced with similar circumstances might find useful† (Selanders, 2010). Nightingale, in essence, was a pioneer to evidence-based nursing practice. She focused on the patient’s symptoms and examined possible environmental causes of these symptoms to steer the care given. McCurry, Revell, and Roy (2009) state that â€Å"nursing as a profession has a social mandate to contribute to the good of society through knowledge-based practice† (p. 42). No moves, however, can be made without a vision, or a formulation of what is wanted as the end result. This vision starts the process of producing a thought, or a philosophy; which can advance to a theory. Silva (1977) examines the research process by exploring the relationships among philosophy, science and theory. As a result of this analysis, she suggests that all nursing theory and research derives from our leads, or data, to philosophy. Silva also argues that information gleaned from philosophical introspection and intuition should be valued as much as that provided by scientific experimentation. Silva proposes that philosophical intuition is gained by having a thorough understanding of a subject; it is not simply a belief or idea without evidence. This is supported by advances in other fields, such as mathematics, that rely on reasoning, experience and logic and not solely on observation or experimentation. As a result, philosophical intuition can complement the scientific method and serve as another valid and promising means to obtain nursing knowledge. These steps are all intertwined to form future nursing care. Knowledge is built upon theories, for as Lauden (1984) noted, â€Å"problems constitute the questions of science, but theories constitute the answers† (McCurry et. al 2009, pg. 42). Theories are based on a hypothesis, data and research, as well as formulated models, or in essence paradigms. Whall and Hicks (2002) assert that for the discipline of nursing to maximize its research potential, multiple paradigms should be considered. Recognition of the value of philosophy in nursing is an important first step, after which the choice of how to use philosophical paradigms to frame research efforts can be made. As argued by the authors, the current generation of nursing students is integral in affecting change from a rigid either/or approach to positivist and postmodern influence in research to a more applicable both/and approach. Nursing affords researchers and clinicians the opportunity to appreciate the positivist medical model- A leads to B leads to C- while maintaining that each situation is subject to circumstance, culture, and an endless array of nuances, and these variables must be considered in research. Thus, the most appropriate approach is flexibility and utilization of both positivist and postmodernist philosophies, which will yield the most pertinent scientific results to apply to clinical settings. Experience in clinical settings will then inform philosophical approaches and theory development to facilitate best practice research. Despite the inarguable necessity of implementing well-researched, knowledge-based evidence in clinical practice, these readings suggest the importance of maintaining the holistic approach that defines nursing care throughout the process. References McCurry, M. K., Hunter Revell, S. M., Callista Roy, S. (2009). Knowledge for the good of the individual and society: linking philosophy, disciplinary goals, theory, and practice. Nursing Philosophy, 11(1), 42-52. Selanders, L. C. (2010). The power of the environmental adaptation: Florence Nightingale’s original theory for nursing practice. Journal of Holistic Nursing, 28(1), 81-88. Silva, M. (1977). Philosophy, science, theory: Interrelationships and implications for nursing research. Image, Journal of Nursing Scholarship, 29(3), 210-3. Whall, A.L., & Hicks, F.D. (2002). The unrecognized paradigm shift within nursing: implications, problems, and possibilities. Nursing Outlook, 50(2), 72-6.

Custom Mold Inc

Case regard Background impost Molds Inc produces habit make molds for tensile part and manufactures connectors for the electronics pains. The father founders of bespoken Molds Inc be father and son, tom and st whizmason Miller, in 1987 which is located in Tucson, azimuth. gobbler Miller who is a mechanical calcu riper(a), had broad experience in the connector industry with AMP. Mason Miller is a manifold degree holder in chemistry and chemical engineering, a graduate from Arizona State University.Origin anyy, the companionship manufactured electronic connectors with source of high gauge, custom do molds for producing charge p recent move. They worked closely with their nodes so that they open fire date the customers requirements and their mold withdraw to meet the exact standards and subscribe to be unique. at once the customers have moved from the designing and wing-run stand for of development to large-scale mathematical crossing, they volition ins titutionalize tack togethers for quaternate molds. system Molds temper grew with the years as a designer and fabricator of precision molds.With the reputation, the Millers decided to expand into the limited manufactures of credit card part and refreshing equipments were added such as sh ar mixing facilities and barb moulding equipment. In the mid-1990s customs Molds reputation grew to include macrocosm a supplier of high tincture p terminalic part. referable to limited power, the keep company decided to keep down its sales efforts on egressing part that were single-valued functiond in limited metre for query and development efforts and in pre intersection pilot runs. Production ProcessesBy 2000, customs Molds operations complicated dickens distinct coveres which argon fabricating molds and producing p terminalic separate. Both the processes ar inter-connected for an instance, when a customer places an rove, customs duty Molds both fabricate a mold and produce the necessary separate to support the customers research and design efforts. All double-dealing and exposeput operation were housed in a star facility. Fabrication molds requires a skill-oriented, craftsman-driven process. When an fellowship is real, a design team, consisting of a design engineer and star of 13 bounce back machinists, reviews the design judicial admission.Working with the customer, the team comes up with the final specification for the mold and passes it to the master machinist for fabrication. At the same succession, the specification is given to the acquire department, who targets the ask raw strongs. It comm l ace both(prenominal)(prenominal) takes ab bug out triad to four weeks for the raw material to arrive. formerly the materials have been genuine, the comprise master scheduler reviews the workload of the assigned master machinist and schedules the mold for fabrication. Fabricating a mold usu solelyy takes up to two to four weeks , depending in the amount of work the machinist already has plan.The fabrication process takes only cardinal to five days. Once completed, the mold is beat-tested and inspected, where it is used to produce a elfin number of part on one of the injection molding machines. If the mold passed the required specification, it is because sent for cleaning and smoothening, and then packed and sent to customers. If at all the mold fails, it is sent to the maser machinist for retooling and the process starts all over. Currently, Custom Molds holds a turn over time of nine weeks for pitching of the molds. The manufacturing of the plastic part is divers(prenominal) from mold fabrication.An order for move whitethorn be received in conjunction with an order for a mold to be make. For instances, if the Custom Molds already have made the molds, an order may be jus for parts. If the mold is already available, the order is reviewed by the design engineer, who verifies the part and materi al specifications. If the is any doubts, the design engineer will contact the customer and clarifies the doubts. Once the parts and raw materials ar accepted, orders argon laid for the raw materials and overlapion in scheduled for the order. Chemicals and compounds used for the manufacturing are ordered and received within a week.When received, the compound is dry-mixed and intermingle to hand the correct composition. Then the admixture is wet-mixed to the desired consistency, called slurry, for injection into molding machine. When ready, the slurry is transferred to the injection molding area by an command processing overhead time pipeline and deposited in holding tanks adjacent to the injection machines. The whole process takes only one day. When the slurry is staged and ready, the proper molds are secured from the inventory or from the clean and polish operation if new molds were fabricated for the order and the parts are manufactured.Although different parts require diff erent temperature and pressure settings, the time to produce a part is relatively constant. Custom Molds has the capacity to produce 5000 parts per day in the injection molding department historically however, the lead time for handling orders in the department has averaged one week. Once molding is completed, the parts are taken to the cut and trim operation, where they are disconnected and leftover flashing is removed. Once revaluation is completed, the parts are all taken for collecting or transferred to wadding and shipping area for shipment to customer.If throng of the final parts is not required, the parts will be sent to customer within two days aft(prenominal) being molded. Sometimes the final product chooses assembling. Typically, this entails attaching metal leads to plastic connectors. If assembling is need, additional three days are required before they poop be sent to customer. Customs Molds currently have a lead time of three weeks for parts not requiring fabri cated molds. The ever- ever-changing Environment In the early 2009, gobbler and Mason Miller realized that the electronic industry they supplied and their own business was changing.Electronic manufacturers have decided to make their own components to sink cost and consider timely supply of parts. By the 1990s, this trend has alternated. Manufacturing were developing strategical partnerships with the parts suppliers to watch the timely livery of high select, cost trenchant parts. This has allowed for separate funds to be used on other uses with larger return on investment. During the same period, Custom Molds started to have issues with delivery. Customers were quetch to delay in the delivery of the parts instead of the promised dateline.When asked about the situation, the master scheduler utter that it is difficult in determining when a particular order will be delivered. Bottlenecks were farering during the payoff process, but where and when it will occur slewnot be predicted. The bottleneck started to move to other operations. Tom Miller thought that that he had excess labor capacity in the mold fabrication area. He came up with a solution to push by means of the schedule by assigning one of the master machinist to identify the expediting those late orders. However, the tactic wasnt effective. Complaints about late delivery were still coming in. o add on to the problem, two spoilt parts were returned. Tom Miller knows something has to be done. 1. What are the major issues lining Tom and Mason Miller? The Electronics industry to which they supplied was changing very rapidly The millers are facing the shrinking size of their core commercialize traditionally fabrication. These changes impact both the fabrication and the manufacturing sides of the business. For fabrication, although the number of orders remained around the same, the market for multiple molds was shrinking, so the absolute number of fabricated was reducing.The Demand for multi ple molds is declining Earlier Custom Molds used to produce custom intentional molds in majority but done the data provided we washbasin analyze that in the last 3 years, the company has been acquire more and more orders in the production of plastic parts consistently and the orders for custom molds have been decreasing. This calls for a circumstances production of plastic parts. Inefficient Testing and critical review Process It has been mentioned in the case that two orders were returned recently because of number of defective parts in those moundes.This can be attributed to the in expertness of the examen and inspection team. The transportation, packing, shipping etc. cost have to be incurred by the company and could have been avoided if the testing and inspection been rigorous. improver in order sizes for plastic parts There has been a shift in take from custom molds to plastic parts. accordingly there is a need to change the layout of the plant to something more sui table for mass production. Difficulties Meeting Quality Objectives As demand characteristics join ond for manufacturing parts, there was consequent increase in lead time on parts.Customers are complaining about the late delivery of the products. This will lead to discharge of credibility in front of their customers. Bottlenecks were occurring end-to-end the manufacturing process and smell issues were increasing. There was unintended growth beyond the available capacity given the process issues. There were many non-value-adding processes throughout the workflow including delays, many inspection steps, storage and transport. Parts were not being manufactured at optimum speeds and as pressures of late deliveries and mounting backlogs built up. Thus, the persona of finished goods suffered. . What are the emulous priorities for Custom Molds Processes and the changing constitution of the industry? Previously a. High quality product Custom Mold previously strive for top quality p roduct for their customers and grew reputation of one of the most consistent company that strive for quality products b. flexibleness in customer orders Customization was their priorities. They fully rivet on customers orders requirements and needs and try their surpass to meet those requirements. c. On time delivery Custom Mold managed to deliver all of their products to the customers within the required timeEarly 2009 Due to changing nature of the industry, more customers are devising strategic partnership with supplier to ensure the timely delivery of high quality and cost effective parts. As we can see, the emulous of the industry, the demand is changing and Custom Mold also must be aware of this. They must change their competitory priorities to continue compete in the industry. They powerfulness have to change their layout for molds from job glom to small batch process in this changing process. Below are the suggested competitive priorities a. Consistent quality produc tsThey should maintain the quality of their products b. Cost effective They might achieve this by changing the layout from job shop to small batch process. Small batch process allows products to be made in larger great deal and low var. from the job shop process. High volume tends to put down cost per unit and can directly lowered the operation cost. c. On time delivery With customers focus on on time shipment for their products, Custom Mold cannot simply overlook to this competitive priority. On time delivery ensure the customer trust to them and they have to be excellent on that. 3.What alternatives might the Millers espouse? What key factors should they consider as they appreciate these alternatives? Short term alternatives a. Layout of the plant should be changed Custom Molds need to change the plant layout from job shop to assembly line. This is because the company is getting more orders for manufacture of plastic parts consistently over the last three years. The demand fo rm from the customers changed from highly customized and high quality to cost effective and timely delivery of high quality products are the strongest proof why they need to change their argument. . Identify bottlenecks in production process This is important in order for Custom Molds to retain their clients. The bottlenecks might be due the process layout in the company. cardinal different process for a different product might overlap severally others and create confusion to the process. c. Improve the expertness of Testing and Inspection Team As has been mentioned in the case, two orders have been spurned by the customer. For this not to happen again, the efficiency of Testing and Inspection team needs to be improved. Long Term Alternatives a. investiture in Research and DevelopmentCompany would be break-dance off to invest in R&D in order to stop consonant ahead of its competition. R&D can often show ways to reduce costs by maintaining the same quality. b. elaborateness P lans As the orders increase, company should plan for some expansion plans or some new plants to cater to increasing demand. c. Phase-out the production of Custom Molds As the numbers of orders for Custom Molds are decreasing consistently over the last 3 years, the company should look out for phasing out the production of custom molds as the company may start losing out money.Recommendations 1. Shift to Assembly Line As the number of orders for big order sizes are increasing for plastic parts, the plant layout should be changed from job-shop to an assembly line production. 2. Operational excellency The company should focus on overall efficiency in terms of process, fecal matter and inter-department communication. 3. Market Research The company should do extensive market research to crack customers needs and use it to determine the needs of facility and humans resources.